Journal of Women Interdisciplinary Researches

Abstract The aim of this study was to investigate the impact of leadership skills training on the social empowerment of female student teachers. This research was conducted using a survey method, and data were collected through a questionnaire consisting of two main sections: the first section assessed leadership skills (including communication skills, problem-solving, time management, and classroom management), while the second section evaluated social empowerment (including self-confidence, social participation, and role in decision-making processes). The statistical population consisted of 100 female student teachers from various universities, selected randomly.The findings indicated that leadership skills training had a positive and significant effect on the social empowerment of female student teachers. Specifically, communication and problem-solving skills were more strongly associated with increases in self-confidence and social participation. Additionally, time management and classroom management skills positively influenced their individual capabilities in decisionmaking and fulfilling social roles.Overall, this study highlights the importance of leadership skills training for female student teachers and recommends the integration of such training into teacher education programs.

Abstract This study was designed and conducted to investigate the relationship between religious orientation and resilience among students of Fatemieh Higher Education Institute (S) in Shiraz. The research was applied in purpose and descriptive-analytical in terms of data collection method, with data gathered through field research. The statistical population consisted of all students of Fatemieh Higher Education Institute in Shiraz during the 2023-2024 academic year, totaling 1,362 students. Based on Morgan’s table, a sample of 300 students was selected. Standard questionnaires were used as research tools. To measure religious orientation, the Allport and Ross Religious Orientation Questionnaire (1950) was employed, and for resilience, the Connor-Davidson Resilience Scale (2003) was used. Data analysis was performed using SPSS and AMOS version 23 software at both descriptive and inferential statistical levels. Descriptive statistics such as mean, variance, and standard deviation were used to describe the data, while the Pearson correlation test was applied to determine the relationship between variables. The results indicate that religious orientation affects resilience with a correlation coefficient of 0.58.

Abstract This study aims to identify the causes of alcohol addiction and examine its effects on the academic performance and mental health of female students. The research analyzes various contributing factors such as family problems, peer pressure, psychological issues, easy access to alcohol, and economic difficulties, and investigates their impact on the educational and psychological behaviors of female students. The sample consisted of 300 female high school students in Shiraz. The results showed that the most significant causes of alcohol consumption among this group were family problems and peer pressure. Moreover, alcohol use had considerable negative effects on students’ academic performance and mental health, particularly in areas such as depression, anxiety, and sleep disorders. Ultimately, this study emphasizes the necessity of educational and counseling interventions to prevent alcohol addiction and reduce its adverse effects on the academic and psychological well-being of female students.

Abstract The Quranic perspective on women’s identity symbols, in both their internal and external dimensions, aligns their performance and behavior with values, respect, dignity, and protection within the faithful community. These symbols not only have a deep connection with Islamic culture and teachings but also manifest the religious values and beliefs, as well as the dignity and status of Muslim women. The present study aims to answer the question: Based on Quranic foundations, what symbols encompass the external identity of women in the faithful community? A descriptive-analytical examination of this issue indicates that the symbolic behavior of women, rooted in their innate nature and inner self, is particularly emphasized through actionable symbols, especially for Muslim women. The expression of human external behaviors is the result of their inner inclinations, and every inner inclination stems from rational and practical insight. Cultivating and refining these inner characteristics, in alignment with the specific roles of women in the human social system, leads to the emergence and manifestation of virtuous traits in them. Due to their unique creation, these manifestations are more prominent in women than in men. The significant function of Quranic symbolism in presenting and elucidating the external identity of Muslim women lies in conveying meaning and fostering a sense of identity through symbols such as chastity, modesty, compassion, and devotion. Faithful women, by embodying the symbols of their external identity within the faithful community, can effectively be introduced as role models for all of humanity.

Abstract The purpose of this study was to determine the effectiveness of cognitive-behavioral stress management training on quality of life and happiness in M .S patients in Shiraz. The present study is a semi-experimental type. The statistical population of this study included all patients referring to the MS Society of Shiraz in 1397. Among them, 30 women were selected by available sampling and randomly assigned to two groups of the experimental and control group. The used scales included The quality of life questionnaire for patients with MS Ayatollahy (2006) and the Oxford happiness questionnaire. Data were analyzed by descriptive statistics (mean and standard deviation) and inferential statistics (Covariate analysis). The results showed that the implementation of stress management training improves the quality of life(F=10.12, P<00.04) and happiness(F=118.84, P<0.01) in the experimental group compared to the control group. According to the results of the study, cognitive-behavioral stress management can improve the quality of life and happiness in these patients. Therefore, this training program can be used as an intervention program for the target group.

Abstract The present study was carried out to explore the tendency of Lak women toward female genital mutilation (FGM) and their views toward this practice. Interviews were performed with 26 women who had the experience of FGM. Based on the findings, the women’s definition of FGM and its goals and factors varied among the three generations. Women of the first generation had been forced into FGM by the society, women of the second generation by their families and the third generation by men. The findings also revealed that the tradition of FGM was not a rough obligation among women in this region, and gypsies encouraged women of the first and second generations to undergo FGM by resorting to religious principles and the specific economic situation of the region, and cosmetic advertisements were what provoked the young women to undergo FGM.

Abstract Readability is one of the main characteristics of high-quality urban environments that allow the individual to establish a favorable relationship between the individual and the urban environment for a correct and deep understanding of the environment. When placed in a readable environment, the mental image of people in the form of cognitive maps of the environment, makes people navigate easily when moving in space and will not feel confused. Today, following modern urban planning and the emergence of modern residential complexes, due to the low quality of diversity, we see poor readability that Ekbatan town, as an example of modern urban planning, has poor readability. As gender affects perception and Environmental preference affects and among them, women constitute the largest population of the society, whose presence depends on readability and security in the environment. So the purpose of this article is to identify and create a readable urban space for women in Ekbatan and seeks to answer this question: What factors affect the readability of women from Ekbatan town and what is the distribution of factors in the town? This research has been done qualitatively and data analysis has been used for the final evaluation. This research firstly redefines the concepts of readability, mental image, cognitive map, women's perception using documentary studies and library resources, then based on the concepts extracted from the theoretical part of the research, identifying readability factors in Ekbatan town by field method and attending Town, preparation of mind maps, the questionnaire is realized, data is measured using percentage and reliability assessment is done with Spss software. Studies show that indigenous women with high residence time and well-understand, consider the town as a readable environment. They do not feel confused by their mental imagery of the town and its readability components. Factors affecting women's readability in the town are Basij Square, Sarem Hospital, and Nafisi Street, respectively, and the sections outside the residential blocks are more readable than the inner sections of the blocks.

Abstract Several factors affect marital satisfaction, among which we can mention self-efficacy and emotional intelligence. This study aims to predict conflict resolution based on two variables of self-efficacy and emotional intelligence. This study was descriptive-correlational. The statistical population included all married students of the Ferdowsi University of Mashhad. Among them, 150 people from two faculties of literature and theology were selected using the cluster sampling method. Research tools included the Shering Emotional Intelligence Questionnaire (Saffari Nia & Selgi, 2011), Sherer Self-efficacy (Sherer & Maddox, 1982), and the Kansas Marital Conflict Scale (Corcoran & Fisher, 2000). Data were analyzed using SPSS software version 21 and stepwise regression. Findings show that emotional intelligence with (Beta=24.6) and emotional intelligence with (Beta= 32.5) self-efficacy had significant effect on conflict resolution (P <0.01). Based on this study, emotional intelligence with self-efficacy have an important role in marital satisfaction. So this information can help in reducing conflict between couples.

Abstract In the face of the coronavirus crisis today, not only the issue of the lifestyle of women who are directly related to coronary heart disease has been considered. But also, the quality of social relations of working women in interaction with social capital (trust, network Citizens' communication, and participation with the health programs of the Corona Anti-Corruption Headquarters has taken attention. The main purpose of this study is to investigate the role and position of social capital in the quality of life of women employees of Kerman University of Medical Sciences during the corona. The present research has applied purpose and descriptive research methods. In terms of the type of study, it is qualitative research based on the data method of the foundation. Statistical population includes all staff of Kerman University of Medical Sciences in 1399. Participants in the study are 28 female employees in this University. Semi-structured interviews have been used as data collection tools. Also, three methods have been utilized to achieve the reliability criterion. These methods include control or validation by members, analytical comparisons, and audit techniques usage. Data have been analyzed in three stages of open, selective, and selective (pivotal) coding according to procedure Based on the background theory. Based on the findings, factors such as the underlying structure of participation, the quality of communication networks, trust, and fear of job security as the most important factors influencing the lifestyle during the corona (strengthening virtual networks, watching virtual movies and series, awareness emergence Political, online shopping, etc.) are considered as background conditions. Social indifference and intra-group social capital are also known as intervening conditions. Quality of health services, promotion of mental health, and environmental health are the most important strategies, and economic disorder, health and treatment, and ultimately poor social support and social alienation are introduced as consequences. The results show that health-oriented social capital possibly strengthened in female employees using cyberspace. In which necessary training to comply with health protocols is created through virtual networks, and encourage virtual social trust and pursue active participation.

Abstract In recent decades, studies related to women's health and quality of life have emphasized the notable role of feminine norms and gender discrimination. This study aimed to investigate the mediating role of self-silencing components in the relationship between conformity to feminine norms and perception of gender discrimination with the quality of life of employed and student women aged 18 to 40. The sample included 687 women in Kazerun who participated in this study virtually by responding to the questionnaire link. This link is composed of items related to the four tools: Conformity to Feminine Norms Inventory (Parent and Moradi, 2010), Schedule of Sexist Events (Klonoff and Landrin, 1995), the Silencing the Self Scale (Jack and Dale, 1992), and WHO Quality of Life Questionnaire- Brief form. The analysis results, performed using structural equation modeling in AMOS-22, showed that conformity to feminine norms and perceptions of gender discrimination, in addition to direct impact, indirectly and through self-silencing components, also affected various aspects of women's quality of life. These results showed that the emphasis of the WHO on the necessity of attention to women's understanding of social discrimination and gender norms is a serious matter and should be considered for Iranian women.

Abstract This study aimed to evaluate the effectiveness of schema therapy on increasing self-efficacy and life expectancy of divorced women and its effect on reducing the initial maladaptive patterns of their daughters. The scheme of this experimental study was pretest-posttest with a control group. The statistical population was considered all divorced women and their daughters in Urmia in 2017. The sample consisted of 30 divorced women and their daughters who were referred to the family health clinic under the supervision of the Welfare of West Azerbaijan Province. These women were purposefully selected and divided into two experimental groups (15 people), and a control group (15 people) were randomly assigned. In the experimental group, the intervention was performed in groups of 8 sessions of 90 minutes based on schema therapy, but no intervention was applied to the control group. The instruments were Schier's self-efficacy questionnaire (1982), Schneider's life expectancy questionnaire (1991), and the short form of Young's early maladaptive schemas questionnaire (1998). Research data were analyzed by covariance. Findings showed that schema therapy has effectively increased self-efficacy, the life expectancy of divorced women, and modulating maladaptive schemas of their daughters (P<0.000). Schema therapy as a technique can effectively improve the self-efficacy and life expectancy of these divorced women and modify the maladaptive schemas of their daughters.

Abstract One of the important issues is respecting the rights of women and mothers. One of these rights is the right to maternity leave for working mothers, which has been assigned limited laws and regulations in the international human rights system. The following lines have decided to study the right to maternity leave for mothers with a comparative study. The results of the research show that although the international community, governments and human rights institutions always emphasize women's rights and call them effective regardless of any discrimination for women, this type of right, whether as a child's right And as mother's right, as it should be, it does not have binding power in the international human rights system. This is despite the fact that the religion of Islam has addressed various dimensions of the mother's right, and in the legal system of the Islamic Republic of Iran, in accordance with Islam, the right to maternity leave has been addressed for mothers.

Abstract The present study examines the rate of marital conflict index in Iran by secondary analysis of national family survey data in Iran. The results of the Couples Conflict Rate Index in Iran indicate that 15.3% of the total number of married respondents have no conflict with their spouse، 40.7% have low conflict، 26.6% have moderate conflict and 17.5% have high conflict with their spouse. Married people have the least conflict over other issues related to conflict in the type of job and related issues. Among the issues of conflict between couples، the presence of the spouse on time at home with 22.1% and spending time with each other with 21.7، respectively، had the highest percentage of high conflict between couples. Among the existing solutions for resolving the conflict، referring to the judicial authorities and the court has the lowest rate among the solutions for resolving the couple’s conflict، so that (88.8%) of the respondents stated that they do not go to the court and the authorities to resolve the conflict with their spouse. In this regard، 76.5% use a lot of tolerance and 74.5% use a lot of dialogue to resolve the conflict with their spouse، which these two categories had the highest values among the conflict resolution solutions between couples.

Abstract This study was aimed to investigate the mediating role of couples' communication styles in the relationship between safe and insecure attachment styles and family forgiveness in married women. This study was a descriptive correlational study based on path analysis. The statistical population included all married women in Shiraz. The sample of this statistical population was selected by the available sampling method, 202 people. Research instruments included attachment style questionnaires (Bartolomio and Horotiz, 1991), couples' communication styles (Mabler Nanali and Ekman, 2006), and family forgiveness (Pollard et al., 1998). Findings from this study indicate that attachment styles were a direct and significant predictor of forgiveness in the family. Also, couples' communication styles were able to predict forgiveness in the family. In addition, attachment styles were also significant predictors of couples' communication styles. Finally, the results showed that couples' communication styles could play a mediating role in the relationship between attachment and forgiveness styles in family. The results show that safe and insecure attachment styles and communication styles between couples are among the variables affecting forgiveness in the family and need to be considered by experts and specialists in the field of family.

Abstract Introduction: People suffering from gender boredom obviously suffer from constant discomfort due to the inadequacy of the gender role and current feelings, abundant and continuous interest in identifying with the opposite sex without taking advantage of the specific cultural and social benefits of that sex. Therefore, the present study was conducted with the aim of comparingto compare body image, rumination, and social anxiety in people suffering from sexual boredom and normal people. Method: The current research was descriptive and causal-comparative. The statistical population included all people with gender dysphoria and trans-sexual members of the support association for sexual dysphoria patients in Tehran province. All normal people living in Tehran province were the normal people of in this study. The number of 50 affected people and 50 normal people were selected according to the available methods. the body image concern questionnaires of Littleton et al. (2005), rumination by Nolen Hoeksma and Maro (1991), and social anxiety by Connor (2000) were used tTo collect data, the body image concern questionnaires of Littleton et al. (2005), rumination by Nolen Hoeksma and Maro (1991) and social anxiety by Connor (2000) were used. The collected data were analyzed using multivariate analysis of variance inand SPSS24 software. Findings: The results showed a statistically significant difference between the two groups in body image concern (F=90.46 and P<0.01), rumination (F=115.01 and P<0.01), and social anxiety. (F=87.95 and P>0.01). Conclusion: based on the results,The results showed that people with gender boredom have lower body image and higher rumination and social anxiety than non-sufferers. Changing cultural beliefs and increasing social acceptance can play an important role in improving body image, rumination, and social anxiety.

Abstract One of the most important and complex aspects of married life is marital satisfaction, which plays a significant role in the strength and stability of marital relationships. Various factors are effective in providing marital satisfaction. One of the most important of them is the sexual satisfaction of spouses with each other, which in turn is affected by other factors, such as spiritual well-being. This study aimed to investigate the moderating role of spiritual well-being in the relationship between sexual satisfaction and marital satisfaction of married women in Tehran. The present study was a descriptive correlation. The statistical population of the present study includes married people in Tehran in 1400. by available sampling method, 167 people were selected to participate in this study. Data collection tools included the Spiritual Welfare Scale, the Sexual Satisfaction Scale, and the Glombock-Right Marital Status Questionnaire. Pearson correlation coefficient and regression analysis were used to analyze the data under SPSS software version 22. The results showed that the correlation coefficient between sexual satisfaction (0.37**) and spiritual well-being (0.31**) with marital adjustment was significant at the level of 0.01. Spiritual well-being also had a moderating role in the relationship between sexual satisfaction and marital adjustment (P <0.05). According to the results of the present study, sexual satisfaction and spiritual well-being have the ability to predict marital adjustment in women, and therefore these results can be attributed to professionals active in the field of couples and families to promote marital satisfaction in clients.

Abstract Vaginismus is one of the most common GenitoPelvic Pain/Penetration Disorders, which is classified as either lifelong (primary) or acquired (secondary). The present study aimed to investigate the efficacy of Cognitive Behavioral Therapy on women with lifelong vaginismus. During a single-case experimental trial of multiple-baseline type, four women were included and diagnosed with lifelong vaginismus by a psychiatrist in a psychosexual clinic in Ahvaz. Full intercourse was evaluated daily based on the self-reports of participants. Secondary outcome measures (i.e.catastrophic cognitions, tightening, helplessness, sexual adjustment, avoidance, and penetration motivation were assessed in participants by a multidimensional vaginal penetration disorder questionnaire at baseline and after intervention. The subjects were entered into an eight-week Cognitive Behavioral Therapy program. The decreasing curve is compared with the baseline for each variable and considered the recovery index. After the treatment, all participants reported successful intercourse without pain and fear. The findings investigated that catastrophic cognitions, tightening, helplessness, sexual adjustment, avoidance, penetration motivation, sexual information, hypervigilance, optimism, and thoughts about genital incompatibility significantly improved by Cognitive Behavioral Therapy in all participants(P < 0.05). Based on the results, Cognitive Behavioral Therapy can be considered an effective treatment for LLV. In addition, this study can enhance our knowledge about the fear-avoidance essence of vaginismus and develop treatment options for women with lifelong vaginismus. Future studies are recommended with larger sample sizes and control groups.

Abstract The religion of Islam has always attached special importance to women, and in particular, there are many orders from Imams (peace be upon them) regarding women in religious texts and traditions. One of the important social matters today is the position and role of women in the family and society. In Islamic traditions, however, girls and women are mentioned as divine virtues, even though in Islam, God rewards good deeds, and consecrations are questioned by God. By looking through Islamic foundations, one may understand what a high position women had and still have in Islamic thought; however, it is the opposite in the West and the "Woman, Life, Freedom" slogan. Accordingly, the greater the commitment to Islam and Islamic life, the higher the continuity of life. On the contrary, the lower the commitment to Islam, the lower the mental peace and comfort of the person in the living environment and society. Moreover, the collapse of the Western system is based on unlimited freedom. This paper applies a diverse methodology to refer to written documents, computer systems, scientific software, and a descriptive and analytical data processing method. Furthermore, by referring to religious sources, the paper aims to study the role of women in the Woman, Life, Freedom" slogan "in Islam and the West. The results are that referring to the Qur'an examines the traditions, position, and role of women in the family and the "Woman, Life, Freedom" slogan in Islam, bringing tranquility contrary to the West.

Abstract Violence against women and girls persists across all human societies despite differences in religions and other intellectual, cultural, economic, and social factors. It is a global, transhistorical and transcultural phenomenon with roots in the history of humanity. This consequence prevents the full participation of women in society and poses a serious threat to human rights and health. Violence has significant effects on women's physical and mental health. Despite extensive research on the consequences of violence on women's mental health, the prevalence of violence has increased during the COVID-19 quarantine period. This study examines the extent of violence against women and girls and its psychological consequences during quarantine. This is a descriptive-analytical cross-sectional study. The instruments used in this study include a Demographic Questionnaire, Standard Violence Against Women Questionnaire and the Hopkins Index (HSCL). Data analysis was conducted by SPSS 26 software. (P <0.01). Pearson correlation analysis revealed a positive and significant relationship between all dimensions of mental health and violence. Exposure to various types of violence leads to a decline in mental health across different dimensions. Violence emerges as a robust predictor of mental health in various dimensions. Considering the important role of women in the family and the impact of their health on family and community well-being, it is imperative to take measures to reduce violence and enhance women's mental health.

Abstract .The family protection law has undergone changes and developments over different periods. Throughout these changes, efforts have consistently been made to address women’s rights and issues. The most recent of these laws is the Family Protection Law approved in 1391-Shamsi year. This law was approved based on the format and principles specified in the Family Protection Law of 1353. This research employs a descriptive and analytical method to explore this issue. It concludes that the approval of the Family Protection Law of 1391 has resulted in greater attention to the rights of women and families. It has also resolved some ambiguities and contradictions in the procedure of handling family cases and includes provisions that favor women, although it overlooks women in certain areas.

Abstract Bipolar disorder, formerly known as manic-depressive disorder, is a mood disorder characterized by periods of depression and periods of abnormal happiness. Considering the high prevalence of this disease in women, the present research was conducted with the aim of evaluating the quality of life of patients with bipolar disorder type I in women under fifty years of age. To conduct the research, the individual characteristics of the participants were examined first, then the WHOQOL-BREF questionnaire was used to evaluate the quality of life. The statistical population of the present study was 50 female patients who were diagnosed with bipolar I disorder based on the criteria of DSM-IV-TR and who had referred to counseling and treatment centers in Tehran in 1402 and were included in the study using available sampling method. Also, in order to compare this group with healthy people in the community, a group (50 people) was selected from among the companions of the patients and the staff of counseling centers and the results were analyzed using independent T-test in SPSS software. Based on the findings of this research, the quality of life score for the healthy group was equal to 78 and above the average level (µ=50), which shows that the healthy group has a better quality of life. On the other hand, in the patient group, the quality of life score equal to 36 was obtained, which is lower than the average level and indicates the unfavorable quality of life of the patient group. This difference was also statistically significant.

Abstract The synthesis of human "rights" and "duties" constitutes one of the most fundamental issues of human intellectual traditions, each striving to provide a coherent response through the establishment of a knowledgeable system. Within the intellectual framework of Imam Khomeini (RA) as the leader of the revolution, the concept of duty orientation forms the basis of pragmatism action, where societal happiness and prosperity hinge upon fulfilling one's duties. Specifically addressing the issue of women's duty orientation, he highlighted its various dimensions and implications. Given the pivotal role and identity of women in the ideology of the Islamic Revolution's founder, their duty orientation radiates prominently within their intellectual endeavors, portraying them as catalysts for the revival of thought and ideology. In Imam's task-oriented perspective removing women, who are creators of humanity, from human societies and nations, would lead to societal decline and failure. Therefore, understanding the dimensions and consequences of women's duty orientation in leadership thought is crucial for achieving societal happiness within the Islamic Revolution. This article aims to elucidate these dimensions and consequences in the framework of Imam Khomeini's leadership thought using a hermeneutic text-centered approach. The research seeks to answer the question: "What are the dimensions and consequences of women's duty orientation in the leadership thought of the founder of the Islamic Revolution?" The findings of the research indicate that women's commitment is anchored in the Imam's sevenfold thought: "Duty as the origin of action", "Duty is a universal matter", "The scope of duty and human capability", "The internal and rational aspects of duty", " The legitimacy of Islamic duty "Achieving absolute victory through fulfilling duty," and "The obligatory nature of duty". Therefore, the dimensions of women's responsibilities in the leadership thought of the revolution encompass religious, familial, economic, political, and scientific domains. Furthermore, the consequences of women's responsibilities in individual empowerment and societal cohesion, are grounded in the sacred teachings of Muhammad.

Abstract Given the rise in the number of female graduates and their inclination to participate in social roles, the need for jobs commensurate with their level of education becomes essential. Career success, as a multidimensional concept, is influenced by various factors including individual, environmental, and organizational characteristics. In this context, identifying the factors affecting career success can help improve working conditions and enhance the capabilities of female employees. Therefore, the aim of the present study was to identify individual factors influencing the career success of female employees at the IKIU. This research is of an applied nature. The statistical population of the study included all female employees of the university, who were surveyed through a census of 100 individuals. The data collection tool was a questionnaire with 146 questions. In this study, structural equation modeling and factor analysis were used to investigate the individual factors affecting the career success of female employees and to identify latent variables, ensuring data validity by using software such as EXCEL, SPSS, and PLS. Additionally, convergent and discriminant validity, as well as composite reliability and Cronbach's alpha, were used to determine validity and reliability. The findings from the 74 collected questionnaires indicate that the factor loadings for all variables under study are at a desirable level (β > 0.5), which is indicative of the construct's validity and reliability. The analyses show that conscientiousness, agreeableness, occupational motivation, motivation for public service, work-family conflict, number of children, and age have a positive impact on career success. In contrast, factors such as self-esteem, openness, extraversion, neuroticism, masculinity, marital status, education, and experience do not affect career success. These results are particularly important in the field of managerial positions for women in male-dominated organizations where the number of female employees is significantly lower than that of men. Therefore, the necessary conditions should be provided for female employees to be given opportunities to experience various job responsibilities. Ultimately, this research can serve as a reliable source for identifying and analyzing factors affecting the career success of female employees in universities. Given the importance and status of employees in the university system, there is a need for continuous improvement and enhancement of scientific capabilities, professional skills, and expertise on the agenda of higher education policymakers. This study can be used as a guide for university policymakers and administrators to improve working conditions and enhance the career success of female employees, helping to identify and address existing obstacles in this area.

Abstract Tensions and conflicts in family relationships are among the significant social issues that have been examined from various perspectives. However, men's experiences of family tensions and the role of women in these conflicts have received less research attention, particularly in the cultural context of Iran, where traditional gender roles influence family dynamics. This study aims to explore different aspects of the relationship between emotional divorce and family tensions among married individuals residing in Tehran. This research is a survey-based correlational study that investigates the association between emotional divorce and men's experiences of family conflicts. The statistical population consists of all married men in Tehran in 2020. Using Cochran's sampling formula, 372 married men were selected through a multistage cluster sampling method. The findings indicate a significant relationship between certain individual variables, such as education level and occupation type, and the level of family tensions experienced by men, while no significant relationship was found with income. Moreover, the multiple correlation coefficient (R=0/757) suggests a strong relationship between the independent variables and family tensions. The adjusted coefficient of determination (0/564) further indicates that more than 50% of the variations in the dependent variable (family tensions) can be explained by the independent variables, including emotional divorce, cognitive divorce, behavioral divorce, and the socioeconomic status of both the individual and their spouse. The results of this study highlight that family conflicts are multidimensional phenomena influenced by individual characteristics and reciprocal interactions between men and women. Therefore, informed policymaking in family law should aim to promote a deeper understanding of the mutual roles in these conflicts. Additionally, raising public awareness about the various aspects of this issue and reducing social barriers to addressing and resolving these conflicts can contribute to improved family interactions and help mitigate negative consequences.

Abstract Resilience, as one of the key personality traits in coping with occupational and marital challenges, plays an important role. Identifying factors that enhance this trait can improve individuals' mental health and performance. Therefore, examining the variables that predict resilience seems essential. This study is a basic, descriptive-analytical research using a correlational approach and structural equation modeling. The statistical population consisted of 400 married female nurses working in public healthcare centers and hospitals in Alborz province, selected through multistage cluster sampling. The research tools included the Connor-Davidson Resilience Scale, the short version of the Self-Differentiation Scale (Skowron & Smith), and the Locke-Walsh Marital Adjustment Scale. Data analysis was conducted using SPSS version 26 and AMOS version 24. This study was approved by the Ethics Committee of Alborz University of Medical Sciences (IR.ABZUMS.REC.1401.297). Participants voluntarily participated in the study, and their data confidentiality was ensured. The results showed that self-differentiation (r=0/712) and marital adjustment (r=0/796) had a significant positive relationship with resilience at a confidence level of (0/01). Moreover, the mediating role of marital adjustment in the relationship between self-differentiation and resilience was confirmed. The results indicated that the data fit the conceptual model of the study. The findings suggest that for enhancing resilience in married nurses, policymakers in the health sector should pay more attention to the emotional, cognitive, and emotional factors of this group.