Journal of Women Interdisciplinary Researches

Abstract Can folk knowledge and women in rural communities serve as catalysts, significantly contributing to achievement of sustainable development, or conversely, delay this process? The present study, as a "short report article," aims to examine and clarify the role of women and folk knowledge in sustainable rural development by investigating the economic conditions, employment, and agricultural products in 30 villages of South Khorasan Province. Drawing on Durkheim's theory of the division of labor—offering a distinctive perspective that contrasts with the principles of modernization theory in explaining developmental barriers—this study adopts a qualitative approach. Data were collected through document-based, using content analysis as the primary technique. Findings from studies conducted in these villages reveal a meaningful relationship between folk knowledge and sustainable rural development, as well as the significant role of women. Durkheim’s theoretical classification of societies demonstrates the progression of communities rather than the backwardness of primitive societies as an obstacle to any form of development.

Abstract Abstract
Early identification of prenatal diseases and timely treatment of genetic abnormalities are among the main challenges of the healthcare system. In the field of medicine, screening is defined as a strategy for examining the population to identify individuals at risk of a health-threatening condition, with the aim of early detection for intervention or early disease control and its complications. This process is carried out in the form of a series of screening tests in different months of pregnancy. Laws related to genetic screening have existed in our country for decades, whereby couples were financially supported to conduct relevant tests before the birth of their child and during the fetal stage. In the second half of 1400 (Shamsi Calendar), the Law on Family and Youth Protection of the Population was approved by the Parliament, which, pursuant to Articles 53 and 56 of this law, created restrictions on genetic screening, and Article 56 of this law repealed the Medical Abortion Law of 1384 (Shamsi Calendar). Article 53 of this law basically prohibits screening for diseases that lead to the birth of a baby with a difficult-to-treat disease, and in addition, doctors and health workers are not required to recommend screening. As a result, discussions around hardship, elective abortion in cases of abnormalities, and treatments that impose difficulties on families have been restricted. This research aims to examine the need to amend Articles 53 and 56 of the Population Youth and Family Support Plan and address women's challenges in the field of genetics and therapeutic abortion, using a descriptive-analytical method and data collection.
 

Abstract This article examines cognitive patterns and influential discourses shaping women's identity in the Islamic Republic of Iran. In certain media and promotional spaces, efforts to redefine women's social roles are observed, potentially leading to identity challenges. These challenges primarily manifest in areas such as education, employment, sports, social dignity, and dress codes. Adopting a descriptive-analytical approach, this research analyzes these discourses and their impacts on Iranian women by examining documentary evidence and media data. The findings indicate that some narratives presented in media spaces do not fully align with social realities, and societal responses to these issues exhibit diverse patterns. Meanwhile, opportunities arise to strengthen women's social identity, enhance awareness, introduce successful role models, and emphasize women's diverse roles in society, all contributing to social stability. This article provides an in-depth analysis of these trends and offers strategies for better understanding social transformations and addressing related challenges.

Abstract The present study aimed to examine the impact of studying at coeducational universities on factors related to successful marriage among female students. This research was quantitative in nature and employed a descriptive–survey methodology. The statistical population consisted of female students of Islamic Azad University in Eqlid County, from whom 100 participants were selected through convenience sampling. The data collection tool was a 24-item Marriage Interest Questionnaire, designed based on a five-point Likert scale, measuring four main components: feedback on marriage, readiness and willingness to marry, attitudes toward marriage outcomes, and marriage barriers. The internal consistency of the questionnaire, assessed using Cronbach’s alpha, was 0.89, indicating satisfactory reliability and validity. Data were analyzed using descriptive statistics and independent t-tests in SPSS software. Results showed a significant difference in the mean scores of the components of feedback on marriage, attitudes toward marriage outcomes, and marriage barriers among students in the coeducational environment (p < 0.05), whereas the readiness and willingness to marry component did not reach a significant level. The findings suggest that studying at a coeducational university can enhance female students’ awareness and attitudes toward marriage; however, converting positive attitudes into practical readiness for marriage requires targeted educational, cultural, and supportive interventions. Accordingly, designing skill-development programs, pre-marital counseling, and institutional support can play an effective role in facilitating informed and successful marriages among students.

Abstract According to recent statistics, at least 20 percent of men have committed infidelity at least once during their marriage. However, determining the prevalence rate of infidelity in Iran is not possible due to its taboo nature. Despite infidelity being the most painful violation in the marital bond, its prevalence has increased in recent decades. The aim of this study was to investigate the effectiveness of emotion-focused therapy on distress tolerance in women affected by infidelity. This research, in terms of its objective, is an applied study, and in terms of its methodology, it is a quasi-experimental study with a pre-test and post-test design without a control group. The data collection tools in this study were the Distress Tolerance Scale by Simmons and Gaher (2005) and the Standard Marital Infidelity Questionnaire by Yenisari and Kokdemir (2006). Based on the study design, the sample consisted of 8 women affected by infidelity, who were purposefully selected according to the research criteria and were placed in the treatment group. They responded to the questionnaires in two stages: pre-test and post-test. Data analysis was conducted using the Pearson correlation coefficient test in SPSS software at two levels: descriptive statistics and inferential statistics. The results of this study showed that emotion-focused therapy can significantly reduce emotional distress in women affected by infidelity. Based on the findings of this study, it can be concluded that emotion-focused therapy is effective in increasing emotional distress tolerance.

Abstract One of the most significant dimensions of human existence is dignity and intrinsic worth. Human beings possess two types of dignity: inherent and acquired. The latter, acquired dignity, which is attained through faith and righteous deeds, serves as the foundation for achieving happiness and salvation. Undoubtedly, women’s enjoyment of human dignity is rooted in fundamental principles, including the spiritual dimension of their personality, their role in shaping humanity, their capacity to pursue knowledge and achieve human virtues, their faculty of reason and intellect, and the ultimate purpose of their creation. This study, conducted using a descriptive-analytical method, has yielded the following findings: Although the desire for beauty and variety is an innate inclination in human nature—manifested in women as an embodiment of beauty and grace bestowed upon them at creation—if this inclination is not channeled appropriately and leads to an excessive focus on emerging beauty practices, ultimately resulting in ostentation and self-display, it produces nothing but the degradation of a woman’s character, neglect of the purpose of creation, and hindrance of moral and spiritual growth. Such outcomes stand in contradiction to the dignity and status of women. Based on the rational principle that "preventing potential harm is obligatory," these practices must be avoided.

Abstract The evolution of countries' economies from a resource-based economy to a knowledge-based economy doubles the need for universities to shift from teaching and research to triple education, research, and entrepreneurship. Students, as one of the most important human resources of universities, have a key role to play in this. The purpose of this study was to identify and measure the factors affecting entrepreneurial intention in engineering students of Al-Zahra University. For this purpose, a survey strategy with a sample size of 438 people was used. Research findings show that entrepreneurial personality traits have a significant positive relationship with students' attitudes to entrepreneurship. There is also a significant positive relationship between entrepreneurial attitude and students' entrepreneurial intentions. In addition, there was a significant positive relationship between perceived support for entrepreneurship and entrepreneurial intention, but no significant negative relationship between perceived barriers to entrepreneurship and entrepreneurial intention. Also, among the various engineering disciplines, mechanical engineering students, and among the various academic years, freshman students have the most entrepreneurial intention. The most important policy recommendations in this study include entrepreneurship training for students, continuous monitoring of entrepreneurship attitudes and students' entrepreneurial intentions, and finally, promotional activities and structural reforms to increase student entrepreneurship support and reduce student entrepreneurship barriers.

Abstract The Relationship of Body Dysmorphic Disorder Symtoms with Five Big Factors of Personality and Perfectionism in 18-22 Years Old Girls in Shiraz. Purpose: The aim of the present study is evaluation the relation of body dysmorphic disorder symptoms with five big factors of personality and positive and negative perfectionism in 18-22 years old girls in Shiraz. Method: This study was descriptive- correlation type study which was and has been Performed on 300 students girls 18-22 years old of Fatemieh and Shiraz University. Which participants was selected using available convenient sampling method. Data collection instruments were questioners of Body Image Concern Inventory (BICI: Litelton,2005), short NEO form five big factors of personality (NEO- 60),Terry-short positive and negative perfectionism standard questioner and demographic questioner used. The data were analyzed by analysis with using SPSS-21 software. Findings: According to Obtained results based on Pearson correlation cofficiene showed that there is a significant positive correlation between variables neuroticism (B=0/395), extraversion (B=0/144) and agreeableness (B=0/089) with body dysmorphic disorder and there is no significant correlation between variables conscientiousness and openness with body dysmorphic disorder. Body dysmorphic disorder has a significant and negative relationship with negative perfectionism. It means that by increasing negative perfectionism, body dysmorphic disorder also increases and also, Regression analysis results show that negative perfectionism, is the most powerful predictor for body dysmorphic disorder (B=0/477). Furthermore between positive perfectionism with body dysmorphic disorder there is an indirect relationship (B=-0/224) it means that by increasing positive perfectionism component, body dysmorphic disorder decrease. Result Conclusion: obtained results showed that among five big factors of personality, the three most powerful factors of Neuroticism, agreeableness and extraversion are the most powerful predictor of body dysmorphic disorder. Also negative perfectionism can cause to increase disorders,this negative perfectionism can cause exhibit disorders;that this negative perfectionism can be in relation with personality traits variable that is an important element of predicting body dysmorphic disorder causing creation and corroboration of disorder;although personality traits possed with positive perfectionism can explain the revrse result of negative perfectionism.

Abstract This study aimed to investigate the relationship between emotional malaise and sexual arousal in women affected by marital infidelity in Bojnourd in 1399. This research is part of applied research in terms of purpose and descriptive survey research in terms of implementation method. The statistical population of this study included 180 women affected by marital infidelity. According to Morgan's formula, 118 people were selected by stratified random sampling. The data collection tool was Toronto Emotional Dysfunction Questionnaire (1994), and a researcher-made questionnaire was used to measure sexual arousal in women. Multivariate stepwise regression analysis was used for statistical analysis. The results showed that there is a significant relationship between emotional malaise and sexual arousal in women affected by marital infidelity. The findings of this study can draw the attention of those in charge of the family education system to prepare appropriate educational programs to resolve marital conflicts and teach life skills.

Abstract The present study was aimed to examine the personality factors as predictors of Obsessive-Compulsive Disorder. The present study was a descriptive correlational study. The statistical society of this study included all female college students studying at universities in Shiraz city during 2019-2020 among which 256 students were selected through multi stage cluster sampling and then questionnaires were distributed among them. In order to collect data were used the Padua Inventory-Washington State University Revision and Hexaco-60 questionnaire. The data were analyzed through Pearson correlation coefficient, multiple linear regression with SPSS-16 software. The results of this study showed that among personality dimensions, honesty/humility, extraversion, agreeableness and conscientiousness have significantly negative correlation with Obsessive-Compulsive Disorder symptoms and among them only conscientiousness (Beta=-0.18) could significantly predict Obsessive-Compulsive Disorder symptoms. Based on results of this study it can be concluded that conscientiousness has more important role in predicting Obsessive-Compulsive Disorder symptoms and in vulnerability to this disorder. Since mental health is an important factor in quality of life, psychotherapists can keep these information in mind during diagnosing and therapy sessions.

Abstract The present study aimed to investigate the effect of socialization on the development of sports participation of female students of the Islamic Azad University of Shiraz. The methods of this study are causal (1983). Respectively the reliability and validity of the questionnaire were evaluated using conventional methods. For data analysis, statistical methods of Kolmogorov–Smirnov, Pearson correlation, regression, ANOVA, and structural models were used. All the present data were analyzed using SPSS software version 20. The results clearly show that the family plays an influential role in the sports participation development of female students of the Islamic Azad University of Shiraz. It should be noted that the role of families in promoting female students' sports participation is of particular interest.

Abstract The purpose of this study was to investigate the relationship between of academic burnout and academic conflict with the mediating role of academic resilience. The research applied in terms of purpose and method was descriptive, correlational one. The statistical population of the study included all female high school students in Behshahr in the number of 2110. The statistical sample was 325 people using Krejcie and Morgan table, and stratified random sampling according to educational level. The instruments for collecting data were Questionnaires of Salanova & Schiofli Academic Burnout (2007), Rio Academic Conflict (2013) & Samuel's Academic Resilience (2004) Questionnaire. The collected data was used for analyzed by Structural equation modeling using the partial least squares method (PLS). The results of this study showed that there is a significant relationship between academic burnout and academic resilience with academic conflict. 78.1% of academic conflict and 51.3% of academic resilience is explained by academic burnout. And the academic resilience variable has a mediator effect on the relationship between academic burnout and academic conflict. Fit indices indicate that the proposed model is an appropriate fit.

Abstract A correct and accurate evaluation of an idea is conditional on genealogy, that is, the investigation of that idea's philosophical, social, and historical roots. Paying attention to the production of knowledge and empowerment and adherence to the continuation of the development of values and insights today requires the influence of the family function. The family system is relied on adjusting the identity, improving the human personality, and educating people; these factors are based on a proper education system. A rational response is important in the development of responsibility and ethics-oriented stage in the legislative system, as well as education and documentary, up-to-date scientific research. Surveys show that the equal approach in the gender education field does not accept disappointment, skewed thinking, or skewed taste. Also, documented programs make training and coordination stable to remove the concern of gender perspective in the family and society. Education, whether it challenges or perpetuates inequalities, is a significant principle requiring the drawing up of an efficient order in implementation. The regularity principle, the education coordination stages, training, and coordination between physical and mental training are important points of education unity and family stability. The findings show that coordination in the direction of the flourishing of gender characteristics and benefiting from the gifts of gender differences in the necessary opportunities and contexts is not always equal. The result of the efficiency of the research is the creation of platforms that place the subject of gender education in providing equal opportunities and the possibility of making the right choice based on inherent gender differences.

Abstract This research aims to compare spiritual health and psychological helplessness in adolescent girls from divorced and nuclear families. The descriptive research method was of a comparative causal type. The statistical population of this research includes all teenage girls in the first secondary school of Shiraz City. There are 80 people in the statistical sample population, 40 girls whose parents are divorced and 40 girls whose parents are not divorced. A statical sample was determined using cluster sampling. Palotzin and Ellison's spiritual health questionnaires and depression, stress, and anxiety questionnaire (DASS-21) were used to collect data. The collected data were analyzed at two levels (descriptive statistics and inferential statistics). Means and standard deviations were used for descriptive statistics and univariate analysis of variance for inferential statistics. The results showed a significant difference between spiritual health and psychological helplessness in teenage girls from divorced and nuclear families; Spiritual health is higher among teenagers whose parents are not divorced. Also, psychological helplessness is more among teenagers whose parents are divorced.

Abstract This study's purpose was to investigate the role of sexual issues in the married life of Couples who are applicants for divorce. The research method is Fundamental in purpose and descriptive-analytical type. The statistical population included all couples being applicants for divorce in Amol city who had been referred to the city court from October to December 2019. In this study, among those referring people, a semi-structured interview was conducted between available ones, and finally, the number of samples was saturated with 20 couples. Findings were quantitatively analyzed using percentage and frequency and the chi-square test. The results showed no significant difference between the responses of men and women regarding the importance of sex before marriage and the sexual dissatisfaction role in the collapse of cohabitation. However, there is a difference between the responses of men and women regarding the importance of sex after marriage, the role of sex in the emergence of divorce, and the continuation or separation of each other due to sexual dissatisfaction. Women overestimated the importance of sexual issues after marriage and the importance of sex in the breakdown of married life and the emergence of divorce more than men.

Abstract The aim of this study was to compare resilience, mindfulness and perceived social support in mothers of children with ADHD, learning disabilities and normalcy in Shiraz. Methodology: The statistical population of the present study was the mothers of children with Attention Deficit / Hyperactivity Disorder, Learning Disabilities and Normal in Shiraz. Attention Deficit / Hyperactivity Disorder, 52 mothers with children with learning disabilities and 54 mothers with normal children were selected and the Resilience Questionnaire (Connor & Davidson, 2003), Mindfulness Questionnaire (Walch et al., 2006) and Social Support were selected. Perceived (Zimet et al., 1988). Data were analyzed using Levin test method (to check the homogeneity of variances), and multivariate analysis of variance (to check the differences between variables in the study group) and SPSS-24 software. Results: The results of analysis of variance showed that there is a significant difference between resilience, mindfulness and perceived social support between mothers of children with ADHD and learning disabilities with mothers of normal children; In a way, mothers of normal children had more resilience, mindfulness and social support. Conclusion: The final results showed that in the areas of resilience and mindfulness, mothers of hyperactive children / attention deficit and learning disabilities need resilience and mindfulness-based education and special rehabilitation programs to increase Perceived social support is needed.

Abstract The aim of this study was to investigate the effectiveness of mindfulness on emotional regulation and forgiveness of women affected by infidelity. The research method was quasi-experimental pre-test-post-test with a control group. The statistical population of the study were women affected by infidelity referring to welfare centers in Bojnourd in 2021, from which 30 people were selected as a sample by available sampling method and randomly divided into two experimental and control groups (15 in each group). were replaced. The experimental group underwent 8 sessions of 60-minute mindfulness treatment and the control group did not receive any intervention until the end of the study. The research instruments included Ray (2001) Forgiveness Questionnaire and Granfski & Kraj (2006) Emotion Regulation Questionnaire. Research data were analyzed by multivariate analysis of covariance using SPSS software version 24. The results showed that mindfulness treatment is effective on emotional regulation and forgiveness of women affected by infidelity (P<0.05). According to the findings of the study, it can be said that mindfulness treatment is an important and effective factor in increasing emotional regulation and forgiveness of women affected by infidelity.

Abstract The aim this study was to investigate the effect of object relations intervention on attachment and anger of female heads of households in Isfahan city. This semi-experimental research with a pre-test-post-test design was carried out in the statistical population of female heads of households referring to Isfahan Social Work Clinic in 1401. Among these women, 30 people were randomly selected and placed in two experimental (15 people) and control (15 people) groups. Using Spielberger's (1962) anger questionnaires and Hazen and Shaver's (1987) attachment styles, anger and attachment were evaluated before the start of the intervention sessions and after the end. Data analysis was done using spss20 software and covariance test to analyze hypotheses. The results of data analysis showed that object intervention on anger and its components (angry feeling, tendency to express anger verbally, tendency to physical expression of anger, angry mood, angry reaction, occurrence of external anger, occurrence of internal anger, management external anger and internal anger management) had a significant effect and caused an increase in anger management and a decrease in other components (P<0.05). Also, object intervention has had a significant effect on attachment styles among female heads of households in Isfahan city and has increased secure attachment and decreased ambivalent and avoidant attachment (P<0.05).

Abstract Women's political participation in the macro arenas of political and management decisions is one of the basic components of sustainable development. This paper aims to answer the question, "What are the decision-making frameworks of female political elites in parliamentary commissions?" In this research, the statistical sample includes 20 female representatives of the Islamic Council in ten terms. Moreover, the research method is based on qualitative and quantitative content analysis techniques, semi-structured interview techniques in the data collection process, and interview text. For data analysis, Excel and Visio were applied in the framework of various charts and models. The findings concerning multiple categories, such as decision-making framework, showed that the highest frequency of commission decision-making is based on interest and expertise. In the category of commission preference framework, the highest frequency is the cultural commission due to the cultural background, knowledge, and interest of the female political elite. Furthermore, the number of supporters and opponents of forming the women's commission is almost the same. Although relatively the number of those who support the formation of the women's commission is more, most of those who support it are from the fundamentalist faction. Concerning the causal framework of agreeing to the formation of the women's commission, the most frequent insufficiency of the faction and the discussion of the necessity of the formation and effective functioning of the women's faction have passed. The highest frequency concerning the causal framework of opposition to this commission is the lack of necessity and the sufficiency of the faction and the commission to investigate women's issues. Generally, the researcher develops a total of 3 main categories, six first sub-categories and 60 second sub-categories. Some 221 semantic expressions are identified, portrayed, and analyzed in the form of a diagram.

Abstract One of the most fundamentalneeds of any society for its survival is the reproduction of the generations. The issue of women, as a vital part of human society, deserves the same level of scrutiny and deep analysis as the human condition itself. Any analysis of women's life dimensions, excluding gender characteristics, equates to an analysis of human life. Therefore, understanding a woman's status and dignity is essentially understanding human dignity. It is also indisputable that knowledge of oneself is a benchmark for other knowledge. Considering that half of the population consists of women, and they play crucial roles in various societal domains, including the family and child-rearing, which form the foundation of society, addressing women's issues as social and human capital is of utmost importance. If women shy away from marriage and childbearing, the population will decline, and the human race will face the risk of extinction. This study examines women, family, childbearing, and strengthening the position of motherhood from the perspective of the Holy Qur'an using the library research method and an analytical-descriptive approach. The findings indicate that attention to women's intrinsic qualities, gender justice, and social security in society can significantly impact childbearing and family dynamics. Conversely, the major obstacle is the adherence to feminist thinking, which can undermine the roles of motherhood and childbearing.

Abstract The purpose of this research was to predict academic procrastination through the academic emotions of the second high school female students. This research was applied in terms of purpose and descriptive in terms of correlational data collection. The statistical population of the present study includes all female students of the second secondary level of Gorgan city in the academic year of 2011-2012, whose number was 4501. According to Morgan's table, the number of samples equal to 354 female students of the second secondary level were selected using available sampling. The research tool in this study was a standard questionnaire, which was used for procrastination from Sawari's academic procrastination questionnaire, and for measuring academic emotions, Pakran et al.'s questionnaire was used. After collecting and extracting the data, the scores of the participants were analyzed using Pearson's correlation method and then multivariate regression analysis using SPSS-27 software. The results of the correlation coefficient between the research variables were significant. The results show that the regression model using the simultaneous method (Enter) variables of positive emotions (β=0.463), negative emotions (β=0.131), and academic emotions (β=0.117) are significant predictors of procrastination. are academic work (P>0.001). The research showed that the variables of positive emotions, negative emotions, and academic emotions are significant predictors of academic procrastination.

Abstract .This study aimed to investigate the effectiveness of resilience training based on the acceptance and commitment approach on the levels of acceptance, gratitude, and courage among female heads of households in Shiraz. This experimental research employed a semi-experimental pre-test and post-test design with a control group. A total of 100 participants were selected, with 30 participants attending the workshops and divided into two experimental groups (15 participants each). Data collection instruments included the Acceptance and Action Questionnaire, Gratitude Questionnaire (GQ-6), and Courage Questionnaire. The intervention consisted of 10 sessions, each lasting 1.5 hours, conducted weekly for the experimental group. The results of the analysis of covariance showed that resilience training significantly enhanced acceptance, gratitude (GQ-6), and courage among female heads of household. Therefore, resilience training based on the acceptance and commitment approach can be considered an effective method to enhance acceptance, gratitude, and courage among heads of household. Moreover, the intensity and duration of resilience training played a significant role in the outcomes. The results indicate that resilience training based on the acceptance and commitment approach had a positive and significant effect on acceptance, gratitude levels, and courage among female heads of household. Consequently, resilience training programs tailored to the specific needs and characteristics of female heads of household, considering environmental, cultural, and social factors in their living environment, can play an effective role in improving family functioning and well-being, as well as enhancing their gratitude and courage.

Abstract .In the last decade, irritable bowel syndrome (IBS) has transitioned from being a movement disorder to a complex disease involving various factors, especially in women. These factors include increased sensitivity in internal organs, changes in the interaction between the intestinal nervous system and the central nervous system, as well as psychological and social factors. There is growing evidence indicating that a history of abuse and stressful life events play a role in the development of IBS in women. Research has also linked the clustering of IBS with social learning mechanisms and genetic factors. This review study focuses on female patients with IBS and, based on the biological-psychological-social model, examines health beliefs, exercise, stressors, and environmental factors.

Abstract The aim of this study was to compare perceived stress, sense of coherence and adherence to treatment in patients with type 1 and type 2 diabetes. The research method was causal-comparative. The statistical population consisted of all patients with type 1 and type 2 diabetes in Tabriz city in 2023 (1402 in Shamsi Calendar) who were members of the diabetes association of this city. The statistical sample included 100 patients with type 1 and type 2 diabetes, 50 women with type 1 diabetes and 50 women with type 2 diabetes. Participants were selected using a purposeful sampling method, and the data were collected using Cohen's Perceived Stress Scale (1983), Felsenberg's Sense of Coherence Scale (2006), and Madanlo's Adherence to Treatment Questionnaire for Chronic Diseases (2013). To analyze the data, the multivariate analysis of variance (MANOVA) test was used. The analysis of the research hypotheses indicated that here was no significant difference between patients with type 1 and type 2 diabetes in terms of perceived stress and its components (perceived self-efficacy and perceived helplessness) (P>0.05), sense of coherence and its components (comprehensibility [ability to understand], management ability and meaningfulness) (P>0.05) and adherence to treatment and its components (interest in treatment, willingness to participate in treatment, ability to adapt, integration of treatment with life, adherence to treatment, commitment to treatment and hesitation in implementation treatment) (P>0.05). According to the obtained results, it can be said that the amount of perceived stress, sense of coherence and adherence to treatment is the same in both groups of patients with type 1 and type 2 diabetes.

Abstract In today's world, pregnant women face various challenges such as occupational stress, financial pressures, and shifts in social relationships, all of which can significantly impact their mental and physical health. This article explores the connections between occupational stress, social relationships, and their effects on pregnant women. It also highlights the importance of this research for improving the understanding of factors affecting the health of pregnant women and enhancing their conditions for the development and advancement of the country's population. The study, conducted in Bushehr City with a group of pregnant women through seven semi-structured interviews, reveals that these women experience high levels of occupational stress, shifts in social relationships, and psychological pressures. A detailed analysis indicates that psychological interventions, particularly in social psychology, can help mitigate the negative effects of job-related stress. The findings show a significant relationship between occupational stress, social relationships, and their impacts on pregnant women. These findings emphasize that effective stress management and stronger social relationships can enhance the mental and physical health of pregnant women,ultimately contributing to the country's population growth.