Journal of Women Interdisciplinary Researches

Abstract The present study aimed to investigate the effect of solution-focused counseling on perceived competence and parenting among divorced mothers of schoolchildren. This research is applied in terms of purpose and quasi-experimental in terms of methodology, utilizing a pre-test-post-test design with a control group. The statistical population consisted of divorced mothers with children in Shiraz, who were randomly selected. The experimental group participated in 10 educational sessions of solution-focused counseling, while the control group received no intervention. The results indicated that solution-focused counseling improved parenting skills, enhanced emotional communication quality, and reduced stress and anxiety among mothers. Furthermore, solution-focused counseling can serve as an effective tool for improving parenting and the quality of mother-child relationships among divorced women, highlighting the importance of psychological and social support during this period. Ultimately, expanding similar counseling programs and promoting continuous educational courses for divorced mothers is recommended to help improve their and their children's living conditions.

Abstract The social transformations of the 2010s, and particularly the events of 2022, demonstrated that women have become one of the most significant focal points of perceptual and media confrontation against the Islamic Republic of Iran. Nevertheless, prevailing analyses often either reduce women to emotional and reactive actors or frame them within the narratives of foreign media as drivers of social rupture. Employing a descriptive–analytical method and relying on documented data, the present study seeks to reveal the actual role of women in the perceptual and normative dynamics of Iranian society through a three-level theoretical framework encompassing post-crisis institutional damages, patterns of women’s agency during periods of crisis, and mechanisms of social order reconstruction in the post-crisis phase. The findings indicate that cognitive operations targeting women through the salience of issues such as dress, dignity, social vitality, maternal roles, and civic participation aim to undermine perceptual cohesion and generate identity fragmentation. However, women’s soft capacities within the family sphere, women-centered social institutions, and local networks have largely neutralized these operations and facilitated the restoration of perceptual and normative fractures. The analysis further shows that by strengthening emotional authorities, redefining the boundary between legitimate protest and disorder, stabilizing the national narrative, and reproducing social capital, women have emerged as key actors in guiding society from perceptual instability toward social organization. Accordingly, the study concludes that understanding the role of women in contemporary Iran must move beyond emotionalized analyses and be rearticulated within the frameworks of “post-crisis order-building” and “collective perception management” a shift that renders the empowerment of women within governance and social institutions a strategic necessity for social security and national stability.

Abstract Women's financial literacy is a key factor in household well-being and in the financial socialization of children. However, research shows that women's financial literacy levels are generally lower than those of men. One possible explanation lies in individual psychological traits such as financial self-efficacy. Accordingly, the present study aims to investigate the effect of financial self-efficacy on women's financial literacy. The statistical population consists of all women in Yazd province in the year 2024, and based on the recommended formula for structural equation modeling, a sample of 383 individuals was selected. Data on individual characteristics were collected using standardized questionnaires assessing women's interest in financial resources and available information, fear of financial matters, and strong emotional dependencies on money and investment. For measuring financial literacy, a standardized financial literacy questionnaire covering three dimensions—financial knowledge, financial attitude, and financial behavior—was used. The research hypotheses were tested using the structural equation modeling approach via Smart PLS software. The results indicate that financial self-efficacy has a significant and direct effect on financial knowledge, financial attitude, and financial behavior. Therefore, to improve women’s financial literacy, it is essential to not only provide financial education but also focus on developing such individual traits.

Abstract Social anxiety, one of the most prevalent psychological disorders among children and adolescents, often has roots deeper than what appears on the surface. The present study aims to explore the link between parenting styles and the intergenerational transmission of social anxiety through a systematic review of studies conducted over the past decade. This study utilized library-based and documentary research methods, with relevant articles retrieved from reputable scientific databases, including PubMed, PsycINFO, Web of Science, and Google Scholar. Quantitative data were analyzed using the Comprehensive Meta-Analysis (CMA) software to provide a precise and coherent picture of the findings. The results revealed that parenting styles play a critical role in either fostering or mitigating social anxiety in children. Authoritarian and punitive parenting styles were associated with increased levels of social anxiety in children, whereas authoritative and responsive parenting styles were linked to a significant reduction in this disorder. Out of 102 articles reviewed, 18 were selected for in-depth analysis, and ultimately, 9 articles met the necessary quality criteria. The findings also indicated that social anxiety is associated with reduced self-esteem, increased anger, aggression, and difficulties in social relationships among children. This study underscores the importance of parental education in adopting healthy parenting practices and suggests that the prevention of social anxiety should begin within the family, where the hidden narrative of anxiety is often perpetuated across generations.

Abstract Target: The purpose of this study was to investigate the mediating role of spiritual intelligence on the relationship between psychological capital and social vitality of Shiraz university students. Method: The research is descriptive and correlational. The statistical population of this study consisted of Shiraz University students in year 98. A total of 200 subjects were selected by convenience sampling from which 174 females and 28 males. Data were collected using King's Spiritual Intelligence Questionnaires, Lutz Psychological Capital, and Oxford Happiness Questionnaires. The data were analyzed by SPSS software using descriptive statistics, Pearson correlation coefficient, and regression. Findings: The results showed that the components of psychological capital, hope, and resilience were able to predict social happiness positively and significantly, and also the components of spiritual intelligence, critical thinking, personal meaning production, and awareness expansion, were able to predict social happiness. Positive and significant predictors and variables. Psychological capital and spiritual intelligence as the predictor variable and social vitality variable as the criterion variable were able to predict positive and significant social happiness, so it can be said that spiritual intelligence has a significant and mediating role between hope and optimism with social vitality. Conclusion: Based on the present results, it can be suggested that ways of enhancing spiritual intelligence in learning skills are to increase social vitality and hope among students since students have a basic need for these skills and this is an important issue with the implementation of the course. Training for students in different situations can also be effective

Abstract The aim of this study was to predict parenting stress based on early maladaptive schemas and quality of marital life in mothers with children with special needs in Shiraz. The research method was descriptive. The statistical population included all mothers of children with children with specific needs in Shiraz, using a sampling method, 220 subjects were selected. They completed parent stress questionnaires, marital quality of life, and early maladaptive schemas. To analyze the hypotheses, multiple regression analysis was used. Results in the first hypothesis showed that the quality of marital life could predict the parents' stress in mothers with children with special needs. In the second hypothesis, early maladaptive schemas could predict the stress of parents of mothers with children with special needs. In the third hypothesis, two variables of quality of life in marriage and early maladaptive schemes have been able to predict the stress of parents of mothers with children with special needs.

Abstract The Corona crisis has had important psychological consequences. Therefore, the main purpose of this study was to investigate the effect of laughter yoga on resilience and hope in life due to the Corona crisis among women in Zone 9 of Mashhad city. This study was a quasi-experimental study with pre-test and post-test with the experimental group. The statistical population of the present study included all women living in Zone 9 of Mashhad, 20 of whom were selected as a sample by available sampling method and taking into account the inclusion criteria and then placed in the experimental group. The subjects in the pre-test phase responded to the Connor-Davidson Resilience Scale and Snyder Hope Scale then were exposed to a laughter yoga intervention program for 16 two-hour sessions. In the post-test stage, the group answered the research questionnaires again. Data were collected and analyzed by t-test of dependent samples. The results showed that laughter yoga increases resilience and its components including the perception of individual competence, trust in individual instincts, tolerance of negative emotions, positive acceptance of change and safe relationships, control of spiritual effects, and also increase hope to live among women in the Zone 9 of Mashhad city. Laughter yoga exercises are a unique treatment with a focus on simulated laughter and deep breathing, which can be used in different ways to release the stored energy of various conditions such as coronavirus disease and life adverse events through laughter, reducing in this way physical stress, increase health and hope to live.

Abstract One of the harms that the local community recognizes is the deterioration of the marital bond and the collapse of the family unit due to divorces, which have many negative consequences in various aspects of human life; concerning divorce consequences, it prevents it from being found of marriage. The Holy Qur'an, as the pure and important source of Islam, has offered beneficial strategies to preserve the family unit and reduce divorces. This study aimed to find the strategies to deal with the center of the collapsing family, which are stated in Surah Al-Talaq; these strategies are into two categories: action, insight, and tendency. In Al-Talaq Surah, the practical strategies are observed, including a specific time limit for divorce, the presence of a woman at her husband's home during the divorce period, a proper separation, and the presence of two just witnesses overseeing the divorce. The strategies of insight and inclination of Surah Al-Talaq are remembrance of God, invitation to piety, divine protection, divine command, belief in the resurrection, learning from the punishment of rebellious human beings of the past, paying attention to the power and knowledge of God.

Abstract Virginity can be studied in various ways. Although virginity is a biological feature, it has been represented in different manifestations throughout history. Virginity is part of a woman's genitals. However, the conceptual meaning of virginity is not limited to women's physiology. It also has penetrated the cultural and gender relations of societies, and in many cases, has determined the customary, moral, and legal criteria and standards. This study seeks to answer the question: What are the sources and roots of virginity and its meaning in human societies? To this end, virginity was reviewed in a sample of myths, religions, some primitive and modern communities. The results suggest that the concepts of virginity in different societies are related to the mythological, historical, economic, and cultural contexts and characteristics. These components generally confirmed virginity as a virtue throughout the history of most societies.

Abstract The purpose of this study was to determine the effectiveness of cognitive emotion regulation strategies on meaning in life and grief experience in bereaved adolescents. The present method was a quasi-experiment and a post-test, pre-test type. The statistical population consisted of all secondary school students in Kazeroon, among whom 20 students were selected who were experienced the grief of the immediate family by purposive sampling and randomly appointed in experimental and control groups. All participants completed the Grief Experience Questionnaire (GEQ) and the Meaning in Life (MIL) in the pre-test and post-test stages. Education of cognitive emotion regulation strategies was performed in eight sessions for the experimental group, based on the Grass model (2008). indicated the significant effect of the training of cognitive regulatory strategies on the total scores of GEQ, MIL, and all components of these two variables (P <0.05), except for the search for meaning. According to the current findings, cognitive emotion regulation strategies can be suggested to increase the meaning in life and reduce the experience of grief in adolescents.

Abstract The present study aimed to examine the impact of national identity components of preschool teachers on the language learning skills of preschool children in Semnan province. The research method was descriptive-survey, and the statistical population included 91 female preschool teachers during the 2020–2021 academic year, selected through cluster random sampling. Data collection tools consisted of a researcher-made questionnaire on language learning skills with nine subscales, and another on national identity with four subscales. Face and content validity of the questionnaires were confirmed by experts in the fields of early childhood education and pedagogy, and reliability was assessed using Cronbach's alpha. The collected data were analyzed using descriptive statistics (frequency, mean, and standard deviation) and inferential statistics (Spearman correlation and Chi-square test). A strong statistical relationship was found between “teachers’ familiarity with and respect for religious and national customs and traditions” and “the development of preschoolers’ relative linguistic and communicative competence (language learning skills)” (p-value < 0.05). In other words, as preschool teachers’ familiarity with and respect for religious and national customs increases, the development of linguistic and communicative competence in preschoolers also increases. However, no significant relationship was observed between teachers’ educational background and their national identity, nor with the language learning skills of preschoolers (p-value > 0.05).

Abstract Aim: The aim of this study was to predict the attitude towards marital infidelity of women in Shiraz based on psychological capital and spiritual well-being. Method: The statistical population of the present study was women in Shiraz. Using available sampling method, 250 people were selected as a sample and to collect information, questionnaires of attitude to marital infidelity, psychological capital and spiritual well-being were used, the information of which was analyzed using SPSS24 software. Findings: The results of simultaneous regression indicate that Psychological capital (=-0/80, p<0/04) Three components of self-efficacy (=-0/45, p<0/01), hope (=-0/35, p<0/02), resilience (=-0/36, p<0/05) Also, spiritual well-being (=-0/18, p<0/01), The two components of religious health (=-0/19, p<0/01), existential health (=0/22, p<0/001) were predictors of attitudes toward marital infidelity. Conclusion: The results of the study were discussed based on the research and theoretical. principles According to the research findings, with the increase of psychological capital and spiritual well-being in women, the attitude towards marital infidelity becomes negative and the results of this research can be used in family counseling centers, infidelity treatment and premarital counseling.

Abstract Treatment of children with autism is limited to hospital and treatment spaces, and urban spaces, especially green spaces, do not play a suitable role in their presence in the social setting. In terms of green spaces, landscape healing is debatable and significant, and in terms of therapy, it can be beneficial to the treatment and health of autistic children. This research besides presenting a descriptive description of the characteristics of autistic children in dealing with the environment, and considering the effective factors regarding children's presence in the urban landscape, proposes strategies for designing healing parks through this perspective. This research is done with an applied purpose, based on descriptive-analytical logic and with a qualitative method and classifying interviews with physicians, psychologists, and mothers of children with autism, benefiting from theoretical studies on the environment and disease type. The healing landscape, considering the benefit of a multi-sensory and prone space in the community presence in the open space, can suitably impact the treatment of children, if it benefits from a controllable space and observes physical components in reducing harm to children from the environment.

Abstract Social anxiety disorder refers to an overt and persistent fear of social or functional situations. Self-concept can play a significant role in explaining social anxiety. This study aimed to determine the mediating role of self-compassion in the relationship between self-concept and social anxiety of female students of the Isfahan University of Technology. The present study indicated a correlation scheme and the method of structural equations was used based on the partial least squares approach. A sample of 300 female students from the Isfahan University of Technology was selected by voluntary sampling method. The Nef Self-Compassion Scale, Beck, et al.'s (1990) Self-Esteem Scale, and Connor et al.'s (2000) Social Anxiety Inventory were used to collect data. The collected data were analyzed using SPSS software version 25 and AMOS version 22. The results showed that compassion reduces social anxiety by 22.3% of the path between self-concept and social anxiety. In addition, self-compassion has a minor mediating role in the relationship between self-concept and social anxiety (p <0.05). Self-compassion has a minor mediating role in the social anxiety of female students (p <0.05). Self-concept has a negative effect on students' social anxiety (p <0.05). Finally, the importance of self-concept in explaining social anxiety and self-compassion has a mediating role between self-concept and social anxiety.

Abstract Mental health plays a fundamental role in individuals' living better lives, their activity efficiency, and their ability to function effectively in their personal life. This study aimed to predict mental health based on the sexual function of married women. This research is descriptive and correlational. The statistical population included all married women in Bavanat city, from which 130 married women were selected as the sample size by the available sampling method. Keys Mental Health Questionnaire (2002) and Rosen Sexual Function Questionnaire (2000) were used to collect data. Pearson correlation coefficient and regression coefficient were used to analyze the data. The findings showed that a significant positive relationship between mental health and sexual function of married women and the components of desire and satisfaction have a higher power in predicting mental healthThe results showed that the better married women are in marital relationships, the more mental health they have. Therefore, good sexual performance can affect women's mental health. In addition to its effect on mental health and community health, A study on the sexual knowledge of married women showed that its effects lead to the stability and cohesion of the family and married life and reduce divorce in society

Abstract One of the consequences of people's social isolation is their seeking refuge in virtual space and using the Internet, which may lead to their addiction to the Internet. Access to sexually explicit media and pornographic programs can also lead to Internet addiction, which can be considered in the quarantine conditions caused by the spread of the Corona virus. Therefore, the aim of the present study is to investigate the relationship between social isolation and Internet addiction with unconventional sexual behaviors in the era of Corona. The current research method is correlation type. For this purpose, 365 people were selected by a simple random sampling method among the undergraduate students of Islamic Azad University, Khorramabad branch, and answered the social isolation questionnaires of Russell et al. (1976), Internet addiction by Young (1998), the scale of pornography use by Carroll et al. The results showed that there is a significant positive relationship between social isolation and Internet addiction with pornographic behaviors. Also, the results of the regression analysis showed that pornographic behaviors can be predicted through social isolation and Internet addiction. Accordingly, in the first step, approximately 56% of the variance of pornography was explained through Internet addiction. In the second step, Internet addiction and social isolation explained 75% of the variance of pornography. Based on this, there are theoretical points of intersection between personal isolation, Internet addiction and pornographic behaviors and it seems that other personal and environmental factors are also involved in this relationship. Considering that this finding was obtained during the Corona period, conducting more studies compared to the present study can be considered by the researchers.

Abstract The aim of the present research was to explain the relationship between rumination and perceived stress with life satisfaction in married women in Shiraz. The research method was a descriptive and survey-based. The statistical population included all the women of Shiraz city, and 210 individuals were selected as the statistical sample size using a convenience sampling. Data were collected using the Hoeksma and Maro's Rumination Questionnaire (1991), Cohen et al.'s Perceived Stress Questionnaire (1983) and Diener Ammons Larsen and Griffin's Life Satisfaction Questionnaire (1985). The findings revealed that among the dimensions of rumination, the two components of preoccupation and depression had a negative and significant relationship with life satisfaction. However, there was no significant relationship between reflection and life satisfaction. In conclusion, the overall score of rumination was negatively and significantly related to life satisfaction, and ultimately, perceived stress is not a significant predictor of life satisfaction.

Abstract This paper aims to compare spiritual health and marital quality in married women. The method of descriptive research was correlational. The statistical population of this study included all married women in Shiraz. Moreover, the statistical sample included 100 individuals, and cluster sampling was applied to determine the sample size. Paloutzian and Ellison's Spiritual Health questionnaires and Busby's Marital Quality Questionnaire were utilized to collect data. Furthermore, the collected data were analyzed at two levels (descriptive statistics and inferential statistics). Correlation coefficients and multivariate regression analysis were applied at the inferential level for descriptive statistics. The results showed a significant relationship between spiritual health and marital quality in married women. Generally, spiritual health was higher among married women with good marital quality.

Abstract This study aims to investigate the sexual harassment of girls and the injuries inflicted on them during the quarantine period of the coronavirus pandemic. This narrative review involved a comprehensive search of databases, including PubMed, Science Direct, Civilica, Noormags, SID, Springer, and Google Scholar, reviewing published articles on the sexual abuse of girls during the Covid-19 outbreak in recent years. The articles revealed contradictory and dual results. In the early stages of COVID-19, there were signs of resilience in the general population with an extraordinary ability to bounce back and adapt. However, during the coronavirus pandemic and quarantine conditions, the environment for violence, mistreatment at home, sexual harassment, and sexual abuse against girls was fostered. Therefore, educating and informing parents, as well as educating and informing girls, can be very effective in this regard. For this reason, one of the ways to improve this situation is to increase the awareness and knowledge of parents and daughters, in various means during the corona pandemic.

Abstract The main objective of this research is to investigate the impact of influencers' credibility dimensions, attractiveness, trust, and expertise on purchase intention in the skin beauty industry, considering the mediating role of customer engagement. This research is applied in nature and is a descriptive survey study in terms of data collection. The statistical population of this research includes users of skin and beauty services in Shiraz who chose their preferred center via social media platforms, specifically Instagram. Due to the large size of the population and the lack of precise statistics, the sample size was determined to be 384 people based on Cochran's formula, and a non-random convenience sampling method was used. A researcher-made questionnaire was used for data collection. In this research, structural equation modeling was used to test the hypotheses, and for this purpose, SmartPLS and SPSS software were utilized. The research findings indicated that the attractiveness and expertise of influencers have a significant positive impact on purchase intention in the skin beauty industry. In this context, customer engagement plays a mediating role in the relationship between influencers' characteristics and purchase intention.

Abstract The present study aimed to investigate the predicting role of adaptability and positive feelings toward one's spouse in the satisfaction of couples among women. This research employed a descriptive correlation method. The statistical population of the present study included female teachers in Karaj, with 171 participants selected using a multi-stage cluster sampling method. Data collection utilized the Positive Feelings Towards Spouse questionnaire by Ellery et al. (1983), the Family Adaptability Assessment Scale by Olson et al. (1985), and the Couples' Satisfaction Scale by Afrooz and Gudari (2018). The findings indicated a significant positive relationship between positive feelings towards one’s spouse and adaptability with couples' satisfaction in women (p<0.001). Moreover, adaptability and positive feelings towards one’s spouse predicted approximately 85% of the variance in couples' satisfaction in women. Therefore, achieving satisfaction in women may be facilitated through fostering positive feelings towards one’s spouse and enhancing adaptability.

Abstract One of the certain principles in human communication is the application of rules that guarantee the mental health of society, and a major part of achieving mental health is observing sexual ethics, especially observing hijab. The importance of the hijab issue is revealed when Satan, in his first encounter with man, tries to make him naked in order to put him in a position of psychological pressure; Therefore, the purpose of the upcoming article, which was carried out with the method of library studies, is to try to realize the theoretical foundations of hijab, which some are trying to remove under the pretext of the slogan of women, life, freedom and with the aim of increasing psychological pressure on the society. Relying on the word "clothes" is because this word can carry the meaning of covering and comfort. In addition to referring to clothing as a symbol of clothing in humans, the Holy Quran has also paid attention to its comforting symbol. In the semantic analysis, clothing is placed in a semantic field with the root "sakana" - which means relaxation; The combination of these two shows their close relationship and influence on each other. Based on this, hijab is not possible in the course of its realization without the accurate presentation of efficient models in mental health - which are referred to as prevention levels; It is also impossible to fully realize mental health in the society without considering the practical role of hijab.

Abstract The purpose of this study was to examine the impact of emotional intelligence training on social phobia and the feeling of popularity in female employees. This study was conducted as quasi-experimental research with a pre-test, post-test design including a control group. The statistical population of the study included all female employees of the Education Department in Zahak County during the 2021-2022 academic year. A sample of 40 individuals was selected using purposive cluster sampling and randomly assigned to the experimental group (20 participants) and the control group (20 participants). Both groups completed the Bar-On Emotional Intelligence Questionnaire, the Connor Social Phobia Questionnaire, and the Arani and Pariad Popularity Feeling Questionnaire in both the pre-test and post-test phases. During the intervention, the experimental group underwent eight 90-minute sessions of emotional intelligence training, conducted twice a week. Data analysis revealed that emotional intelligence training significantly reduced the mean social phobia scores and increased the mean popularity scores in the experimental group compared to the control group. Based on the results, it can be concluded that emotional intelligence training is effective in enhancing the feeling of popularity and reducing social phobia in female employees.

Abstract Choosing an appropriate leadership style can significantly improve employee performance, increase job satisfaction, and strengthen organizational commitment. This study aimed to investigate the role of humble leadership style in enhancing the organizational commitment of women employees in the city of Tabriz. The research was fundamental in nature and employed a descriptive-correlational approach (path analysis). The sample consisted of 150 women employed in private organizations in Tabriz, selected using a convenience sampling method in 2023. Data were collected using the humble leadership style questionnaire by Evans et al. (2013) and the organizational commitment questionnaire by Allen and Meyer (1990). Data analysis revealed that humble leadership style has a positive and significant impact on organizational commitment. These findings highlight the importance of adopting humble leadership style in private organizations, which often face challenges such as high competition, retention of talented human resources, and increased productivity. Humble leadership style can serve as an effective approach to enhancing employee motivation and job commitment, especially for women employees. Given that women in the workplace may encounter additional barriers, fostering their organizational commitment through the humble support and guidance of managers can significantly contribute to improving organizational performance. This approach not only boosts employee motivation but also facilitates the long-term retention and development of human capital.

Abstract Academic stress, as one of the main factors affecting students’ mental health, can influence their choice of coping strategies. The present study aimed to examine the relationship between academic stress and problem-focused coping strategies with the mediating role of dysfunctional attitudes among students of Fatemieh (S) Institute of Higher Education in Shiraz. This research employed a descriptive-correlational design and was fundamental in purpose. The statistical population consisted of 350 female master’s students, of whom 175 were selected through convenience sampling based on Morgan’s table. The research instruments included the Academic Stress Questionnaire (Zajacova et al., 2005), the Dysfunctional Attitudes Scale (Weissman & Beck, 1978), and the Coping Inventory for Stressful Situations – short form (Endler & Parker, 1990; CISS-21). Data were analyzed using SPSS and AMOS software through path analysis. The results indicated a positive and significant relationship between academic stress and problem-focused coping (β = 0.681, p < 0.001). Moreover, academic stress had a direct and significant effect on dysfunctional attitudes (β = 0.692, p < 0.001); however, the effect of dysfunctional attitudes on problem-focused coping was not significant (β = 0.049, p = 0.516). Therefore, the mediating role of dysfunctional attitudes in this relationship was rejected. The findings suggest that academic stress directly increases the use of problem-focused coping strategies. These results emphasize the need to focus on direct interventions for managing academic stress. It is recommended that educational programs be implemented in universities to strengthen students’ problem-focused coping strategies.