Journal of Women Interdisciplinary Researches

Abstract The purpose of this study was to examine in depth the jurisprudential and legal dimensions of online marriages and related contracts, with a special emphasis on women's rights. The necessity of conducting this research arose from the fact that, in the era of modern technologies and the expansion of social relations in virtual space, the issue of online marriage has gained significant importance as an emerging phenomenon in legal and jurisprudential systems.The present research was carried out using a descriptive-analytical method, and the data were collected through the study and analysis of reliable jurisprudential, legal, and social sources. The research population included classical jurisprudential texts, the domestic laws of the Islamic Republic of Iran, as well as international documents and regulations related to marriage contracts and associated agreements, which were examined with a comparative and analytical approach.The findings of the study showed that, from the perspective of Islamic jurisprudence, the realization of the will and consent of the parties, valid digital identity verification, the presence and validity of witnesses in the virtual space, and the possibility of official registration of the marriage are among the most important jurisprudential challenges of online marriage. From the legal aspect, the results also showed that the lack of comprehensive and explicit regulations regarding online marriage contracts, the difficulty of proving the official nature of the marriage in courts, the incompatibility of e-commerce regulations with the special nature of marriage, and the lack of sufficient enforcement guarantees for the conditions stipulated within the contract are considered among the main obstacles to the proper implementation of this type of marriage.The analysis of the data indicated that these gaps and challenges, in particular, place women more than other groups at risk of legal, social, and even cultural harm and can seriously threaten their legal security and social status. In general, the results of this research emphasize the necessity of reviewing and developing new jurisprudential and legal regulations appropriate to the new conditions of virtual space and the phenomenon of online marriage. It is also suggested that, alongside the reform and adoption of laws, educational, judicial, and social support for women should be strengthened so that they face greater security and fewer harms in the process of online marriages.This research can be used as a preliminary step for lawmakers, jurists, and social policymakers to reconsider traditional frameworks and adapt them to the needs of today’s society.

Abstract The declining tendency toward childbearing in recent decades has raised concerns among scholars in various fields across Iran. This study aimed to explore the perceptions and attitudes of employed women in South Tehran toward childbearing. Conducted using a qualitative method and a phenomenological approach, the research gathered data through in-depth interviews.The findings indicate that employed women’s attitudes toward childbearing have undergone significant changes due to recent social, cultural, and economic transformations. Participants no longer view childbearing as a traditional necessity, but rather as a decision dependent on personal, economic, professional, and lifestyle factors. Many cited concerns such as the inability to afford child-rearing expenses, difficulties in balancing motherhood with professional roles, and anxiety about their children’s future as key reasons for their reduced willingness to have children.Overall, the results suggest that the new understanding of motherhood and fertility among employed women has led them toward more conscious decision-making and, in some cases, avoidance of childbearing altogether. This shift in perspective may be considered one of the contributing factors to declining fertility rates in urban areas, particularly among working women.

Abstract Resilience plays an important role in coping with career and marital challenges, so strengthening this characteristic can play a significant role in improving the psychological state and job performance of individuals. Therefore, identifying the predictors of resilience seems essential. The aim of this study is to investigate the effect of cognitive flexibility on resilience with the mediating role of marital adjustment in married female nurses. This fundamental study was conducted with a descriptive-analytical approach and a correlation method based on the structural equation model. The statistical population included 400 married female nurses working in health centers and public hospitals in Alborz province, who were selected using a multistage cluster sampling method. The research tools included the Connor and Davidson Resilience Questionnaire, the Dennis and Vander Waal Cognitive Flexibility Questionnaire, and the Locke-Wallace Marital Adjustment Scale. Data were analyzed using SPSS version 26 and AMOS version 24 software. This study was approved by the Ethics Committee of Alborz University of Medical Sciences with the ID IR.ABZUMS.REC.1401.297. Participants participated in the study after providing informed consent and the confidentiality of their data was guaranteed. The results showed that cognitive flexibility (r = 0/762) and marital adjustment (r = 0/796) have a positive and significant relationship with resilience at a confidence level of 0/01. Also, the mediating role of marital adjustment in the relationship between cognitive flexibility and resilience was confirmed. The appropriate fit of the data with the conceptual model of the study was confirmed. The findings showed that in order to improve the resilience of married female nurses, it is necessary to pay attention to cognitive, emotional and affective factors. Accordingly, it is suggested that policymakers and health managers design and implement programs to improve these factors.

Abstract Caregiving is fundamental to human relationships and plays a decisive role in the quality and stability of marital relationships. Therefore, the aim of this study was to investigate the mediating role of caregiving dimensions in the relationship between sexual satisfaction and sexual desire in women. The research was applied in nature, utilizing a descriptive-correlational method through structural equation modeling. The statistical population consisted of all married women visiting cultural centers in Isfahan from May to June 2024. Based on Kline’s model, 200 participants were selected using convenience sampling, considering inclusion and exclusion criteria. Informed consent was obtained from the selected participants, and they were assured that confidentiality and ethical standards would be upheld regarding the research results. Participants completed the Caregiving Scale by Kunce and Shaver (1994), the Sexual Desire Inventory by Hulbert (1992), and the Hudson Sexual Satisfaction Scale (1992). Data were analyzed using Pearson’s correlation coefficient and path analysis with SPSS22 and AMOS software. The results indicated that caregiving dimensions mediate the relationship between sexual satisfaction and sexual desire in women. Additionally, the model demonstrated a good fit (P<0.01). The findings suggest that sexual desire alone cannot fully and directly explain sexual satisfaction, and caregiving, as a sensitive and responsive behavior, acts as a mediator and enhancer of this relationship.

Abstract The purpose of this study was to investigate the relationship between chaste living and organizational excellence with the mediating role of value orientation of female principals of elementary schools in Shiraz.This study was an applied study and the research method was a descriptive correlational study. The statistical population of this study was all female principals of Shiraz elementary schools in the academic year 2024-2025, totaling 810 people. The sample size was determined based on the Cochran formula, 260 people, and the random cluster sampling method was used. The data collection tools in this study were the Schwartz Value System Questionnaire (1994), the Ministry of Culture and Islamic Guidance's Chaste Lifestyle Questionnaire on the subject of Chastity and Hijab (2022), and the Deming Standard for Organizational Excellence Questionnaire (2012). The face validity and reliability of the questionnaire were confirmed with Cronbach's alpha coefficient. In order to test the hypotheses, the structural equation model and SmartPLS version 3 and SPSS27 software were used. The results of data analysis showed that value orientation plays a mediating role in the relationship between chaste life and organizational excellence of female principals of Shiraz elementary schools. There is a positive and significant relationship between chaste life and organizational excellence of female principals of Shiraz elementary schools. There is a positive and significant relationship between chaste life and value orientation of female principals of Shiraz elementary schools. There is a positive and significant relationship between value orientation and organizational excellence of female principals of Shiraz elementary schools. The results obtained help female principals of schools to create a better educational environment by increasing their adherence to ethical principles.

Abstract Considering the significance of marital interactions in Islam, this study aimed to investigate the relationship between early maladaptive schemas, negative automatic thoughts, and domestic violence with marital disenchantment among housewives in Shiraz, based on an Islamic perspective. The research method was descriptive-correlational using a survey approach. The statistical population consisted of all housewives in Shiraz in the year 2022, from which 384 individuals were selected through convenience sampling. Data were collected using the Early Maladaptive Schemas Questionnaire (Young, 2005), the Negative Automatic Thoughts Questionnaire (Hollon & Kendall, 1980), the Domestic Violence Questionnaire (Haj-Yahya, 1999), and the Marital Disenchantment Scale (Pines et al., 2016). Regression analysis results indicated that the three variables explained 22% of the variance in marital disenchantment. Domestic violence (B = 0.32, t = 6.985), early maladaptive schemas (B = 0.25, t = 5.437), and negative automatic thoughts (B = 0.09, t = 2.141) had the highest contributions, respectively. Furthermore, domestic violence mediated the relationship between early maladaptive schemas and negative automatic thoughts with marital disenchantment (p < 0.01). This research indicates that marital disenchantment results from the accumulation of inappropriate cognitive, emotional, and behavioral interactions, and its reduction requires simultaneous attention to both individual factors (such as schemas and negative thoughts) and interpersonal factors (such as violence), within the framework of Islamic principles. Domestic violence plays a dual role in this cycle, acting both as a cause and a consequence of cognitive-emotional interactions, thereby creating a vicious cycle. Emphasizing multilevel interventions from individual therapy to structural changes positions this study as a pioneering work in the field of family mental health.

Abstract The Arbaeen walking ritual, as one of the mourning ceremonies centered on the martyrdom of the third Shiite Imam, is considered among the most prominent and richest religious rituals, encompassing extensive quantitative and qualitative dimensions and diverse modes of organization and performance. Participants from all social strata and classes, representing a wide spectrum of religious beliefs and levels of religiosity, take part in this ritual. Within this context, Women, as one of the important participating groups, play a role in various stages of this ritual, given their different physical characteristics, mental and psychological states, as well as their distinct religious, educational, and environmental training. Women’s participation, accompanied by diverse personal experiences, takes shape through patterns such as individual, friendly, family-based, and caravan journeys, alongside a form of collective life and coexistence with others. This study adopts a qualitative approach and employs an ethnographic method, utilizing tools such as observation, participant observation, visual documentation, documentary review, and other data collection techniques to examine the nature of women’s presence and participation in the Arbaeen walking ritual. The findings indicate that women’s role-playing extends broadly both before and during the ritual. Prior to the event, these roles include contributing to the financial support of mawkibs (service stations), assisting in facilitating the participation of economically disadvantaged individuals in the pilgrimage, preparing and organizing necessary supplies for mawkibs, and engaging in similar activities. During the ritual, women actively provide a wide range of services required by pilgrims particularly female pilgrims organize women-only mourning gatherings, care for and accompany children, and undertake various supportive activities. Moreover, women play a crucial role in encouraging, promoting, and transmitting the concepts, values, and beliefs associated with the Arbaeen walking ritual to others and to future generations. Each of these forms of participation is carried out with the intention of achieving personal goals while simultaneously realizing broader human and collective ideals, grounded in profound divine and religious principles. Nevertheless, alongside these active forms of participation, certain behavioral and practical challenges albeit limited in proportion to the overall population such as begging or behaviors inconsistent with the ethics of desirable social coexistence, are also observed along the route. These issues underscore the necessity of awareness-raising and the provision of appropriate guidance to prevent their expansion in future years. Examining behaviors and actions related to women’s presence and participation in the Arbaeen walking ritual reveals a pattern of contemporary lived experience that, contrary to conventional definitions and expectations of modernity, can be conceptualized as an “enchanted modernity.” An enchanted modernity whose functional logic is based on the effort for individual growth and transcendence, along with faith in the unseen and beyond the material world, and at the same time, the use of material resources, social relations, and new tools and possibilities in order to achieve this growth and transcendence.

Abstract In recent decades, women's fiction writing has claimed a significant share of contemporary literature, and examining the aesthetic techniques in their writings can open a window into understanding the mental and cognitive mechanisms governing the literary creation process. Therefore, the present study, based on the assumption that women writers draw upon relatively similar cognitive patterns in constructing similes, conducts a comparative analysis of the use of simile in two works: The Acrid Taste of Persimmon by Zoya Pirzad and Maut al-Baja'a (Death of the Swan) by Haifa Bitar. The question is: What similar outcome can be extracted from the stories of Zoya Pirzad and Haifa Bitar regarding the conceptual network of similes? And what reading can be derived from the similarities and differences in the application of similes by these two authors? In this study, using a descriptive-analytical method and relying on the concept of “coherence” relations in Tiegard’s theory, the simile networks have been analyzed based on the components of “supportive” and “oppositional” relations. The results of the study indicate that the authors have acted similarly in shaping coherence patterns, selecting types of targets, density, and the level of simile networks in women’s writing. The striking similarities in the cognitive patterns of simile in the works of two women writers from different languages and cultures point to the existence of shared mental models that originate from their lived experiences, gendered unconscious, and similar ways of perceiving and conceptualizing the world.

Abstract Psychological well-being generally refers to a sense of satisfaction, happiness, and the absence of psychological stress in life. Multiple factors contribute to its development, particularly among female-headed households. In recent years, numerous studies have proposed predictive models of psychological well-being based on cognitive abilities; however, the mediating role of resilience, especially in female-headed households, has received less attention. Therefore, the present study aimed to examine the fit of a predictive model of psychological well-being based on cognitive abilities, considering the mediating role of resilience among women heading households. This research employed a descriptive-correlational design, and data were analyzed using structural equation modeling (SEM). The statistical population consisted of all female-headed households covered by the Welfare Organization in Rafsanjan County in 2024, from which 422 participants were selected using a multistage random sampling method. Data collection instruments included the Connor-Davidson Resilience Scale (2003), Ryff’s Psychological Well-Being Questionnaire (1989), and Nejati’s Cognitive Abilities Questionnaire (2013). The analysis indicated that the model fit indices were at an acceptable level. Cognitive abilities had a significant direct and indirect effect on psychological well-being through resilience among female-headed households (p < 0.05).

Abstract One of the most important issues in the chapter on marriage is the problem of the wife’s nushuz (disobedience) and her unjustified refusal to fulfill marital duties. Verse 34 of Surah An-Nisa is regarded as one of the most significant Quranic evidences in explaining the method of confronting the wife’s nushuz. In addition to analyzing the content of the blessed verse, the purpose of this article is to examine whether the three stages mentioned in the verse are applicable solely within the framework of the private relationship between spouses and inside the family institution, or whether they carry implications beyond that and also include the possibility of official and governmental implementation of some of these stages through the ruler’s intervention. This noble verse, by explaining the limits of the husband’s authority in the face of his wife’s nushuz, seeks to state that the husband may, out of necessity, manage and resolve the wife’s nushuz through intra-family solutions and avoid hastening the dissolution of the marital relationship. By reconciling the permissibility of this solution—namely, light and mild striking by the husband—with the legitimacy of the ruler’s intervention, including the discretionary punishment (ta’zir) of the disobedient wife, this research demonstrates that the aforementioned verse is not only concerned with family management at the spousal level but also carries a general implication regarding the legitimacy of discipline and ta’zir in response to the refusal of marital rights. This can be justified as a religiously sanctioned and governmental guarantee of enforcement. Accordingly, Verse 34 of Surah An-Nisa, in addition to outlining intra-family management methods, can be considered a basis for the legitimacy of the ruler’s intervention in cases of nushuz and the application of ta’zir within the framework of Sharia, while preserving family order and marital rights. In other words, this verse presents a gradual system for confronting the wife’s nushuz—a system that begins with admonition by the husband and, in its final stage, leads to referral to the ruler for the realization of rights. Of course, it appears that in the present era, referring to specialized family counseling centers and receiving guidance from a family physician should be considered the best alternative to striking.

Abstract Throughout history, discriminatory beliefs against women have led to various movements such as feminism. The feminist perspective, with its claim of defending women's rights and eliminating the grounds for oppression and inequality against them, has gained a prominent position in the thought of various societies. However, this theory, with its challenging views in various fields such as family, pregnancy, and motherhood, has led to numerous social problems in societies. One of these problems is demographic changes. This article examines Islamic solutions from the perspective of the Quran and Hadiths in countering the impact of the feminist approach on demographic changes. This research was conducted using a descriptive-analytical method through the study of documentary and library sources. This theory, by promoting individualistic thought, deeming the institution of family as oppressive, fostering a negative view toward motherhood and reproduction, encouraging women to work outside the home, legitimizing abortion, and promoting sexual freedom, has had a significant impact on the population decline in societies. In contrast, Islam places great value on women and, in numerous verses and traditions, encourages marriage, family formation, and childbearing. Among the most important Islamic solutions for increasing population are encouraging marriage—especially at a young age, reminding of the material and spiritual values of children, prohibiting abortion with regard to women’s lack of absolute ownership over their bodies, condemning divorce, combating free sexual relations, and honoring the status of motherhood.

Abstract The present study aimed to investigate the relationship between social skills and academic boredom with the mediating role of empathy among female junior high school students in Fasa. The statistical population included all female students studying at junior high schools in Fasa during the 2024–2025 academic year. Based on Morgan’s table, a total of 150 female students were selected through a multistage cluster sampling method. The research instruments included the Matson Evaluation of Social Skills (1983), the Academic Boredom Questionnaire by Reijsiger et al. (2020), and the Davis Interpersonal Reactivity Index (1983). Data were analyzed using AMOS software and the structural equation modeling (SEM) method at a 95% confidence level. The results indicated that the path coefficient of social skills to empathy was 0.71, social skills to academic boredom was −0.29, empathy to academic boredom was −0.28, and social skills indirectly affected academic boredom through empathy by −0.196.

Abstract The present study was conducted with the aim of examining the attitudes of Tehranian girls toward hijab and analyzing the social, cultural, and psychological factors affecting it. In Iran, particularly after the Islamic Revolution, hijab has transformed from a religious and legal obligation into a sphere for the representation of individual and social identity. The research method was quantitative and survey-based. The statistical population consisted of girls residing in Tehran aged 18–35 years. A sample of 544 individuals was selected through convenience sampling. Data were collected using a Likert-scale questionnaire and analyzed with SPSS. The statistical tests employed included descriptive statistics, Pearson correlation, and multiple regression. The findings indicated that the inclination toward hijab has declined among Tehranian girls and is increasingly perceived as an individual and identity-based choice. Psychological factors such as identity crisis and social self-presentation had the strongest negative effect on the tendency toward hijab, while socio-cultural factors such as media and peers also had a negative but weaker effect. In contrast, value-religious factors such as knowledge of the rulings and philosophy of hijab had a positive effect, though insufficient; a clear gap was observed between the interest in learning and actual knowledge. These results are consistent with domestic literature (Fallahzadeh, Karimi, Nasrollahi) and international studies (Gole, Mahmoud, Rosner) and demonstrate that in the modern context, hijab has become a domain for redefining identity and cultural resistance.

Abstract The aim of the present study was to investigate the relationship between body shame and problematic use of social networking sites, considering the mediating role of perfectionism, among female applicants for cosmetic surgery in Shiraz in the year 2025. This study employed a descriptive-survey design based on structural equation modeling (SEM). The statistical population consisted of all female applicants for cosmetic surgery who visited beauty clinics in Shiraz during 2025. Out of this population, a total of 257 participants were selected using a non-random purposive sampling method and completed the Body Shame Scale (Littleton), the Perfectionism Scale (Hill), and the Social Networking Addiction Questionnaire (Khaje Ahmadi) through both paper-based forms and online surveys. Data analysis was conducted using descriptive and inferential statistics, with Pearson’s correlation coefficient employed to examine the relationships between variables, and SPSS 27 and AMOS 26 software used for final analysis. The findings indicated that body image shame positively and significantly predicted problematic social networking use (B = 0.202). Furthermore, perfectionism had a significant positive relationship with problematic use of social networking sites and predicted it to some extent (B = 0.097). In addition, body image shame had a positive and significant relationship with perfectionism, predicting it with a coefficient of (B = 0.091). The path analysis results supported the main hypothesis of the study, indicating that perfectionism plays a significant mediating role in the relationship between body shame and problematic social networking site use. Accordingly, individuals who are dissatisfied with their body image or experience body shame are more likely to engage in excessive and harmful use of social networking platforms, and individuals with perfectionistic tendencies are also more likely to develop problematic social networking behaviors. Therefore, perfectionism can act as an intermediate factor that amplifies the impact of body shame on problematic social media use and intensifies individuals’ negative perceptions of their bodies, ultimately leading to excessive and unproductive engagement with social media. Based on these findings, the main research hypothesis was confirmed.

Abstract In Islam, the preservation of family life holds great significance, to the extent that the Sacred Lawgiver has precisely defined the rights and duties of each spouse to ensure the well-being of the family. The legislator, likewise, has enacted various laws to safeguard the stability and continuity of the family, emphasizing the creation of a family-centered society and thestrengthening of family foundations based on religious teachings, with the family serving as a focal point in laws and regulations. Accordingly, based on the circumstances surrounding the issuance of narrations related to the application of the principle of prohibition of harm (la darar), certain criteria derived from hadiths can be identified as standards for determining harm in the family sphere. Any transgression of these criteria can lead to fundamental challenges within the family.The necessity of this study lies in the fact that during the processes of family formation, continuation, and dissolution, and in light of the contexts of narrations concerning the la darar principle, certain behaviors may constitute harm within the family. This necessitates a review of existing laws and the enactment of new legislation in this regard. From the perspective of dynamic jurisprudence and the influence of time and place on ijtihad, these issues can be reexamined with a fresh approach.Using a descriptive-analytical method, this study concludes that, based on the contexts of the narrations, a number of strong and logical criteria can be extracted from hadiths and narrations—such as the obligation to preserve the privacy and security of the family, prevention of moral or spiritual harm to family members, maintaining confidentiality within the family environment, avoiding financial deprivation of women or imposing financial burdens on them in exchange for agreeing to divorce, observing financial fairness among heirs, and ensuring the emotional and financial support of parents for children. These criteria can serve as the basis for new legal rulings and help prevent harmful behaviors within the family sphere.

Abstract Surrealist literature, as one of the influential movements of the twentieth century, represents an endeavor to penetrate the layers of the unconscious and reveal the hidden logic of the human mind. By merging dream and reality, this school blurs the boundary between the mind and the external world, creating a space where lived experience, imagination, and memory intermingle. In such a context, the concept of space transcends its physical limits and transforms into a manifestation of psychology, gender, and human inner life. This approach provides, not only in literature but also in other arts including architecture, a framework for rethinking spatial experience. The Blind Owl by Sadegh Hedayat, as a prominent example of surrealist literature in Iran, creates mysterious and mental spaces that enable the analysis of concepts such as time, perception, and gender. In this work, the representation of women plays a central role in shaping psychological and unconscious spaces and symbolically organizes the spatial structure of the narrative. This study, adopting an interdisciplinary approach and employing qualitative semiotic analysis, investigates the mental spaces and the representation of women in The Blind Owl and explores the reflection of its surrealist concepts in the language of architecture. Through the analysis of the text’s visual and symbolic layers, spatial patterns resulting from the fusion of reality and dream are extracted and translated into spatial design concepts. The findings indicate that the application of surrealist concepts in the design process can facilitate the creation of multi-layered, introspective, and experience-centered spaces in contemporary architecture—spaces that are not merely functional but reflect the human mind and psyche.

Abstract The purpose of the present study was to explore the challenges of single mothers' parenting after divorce. This qualitative study used a descriptive phenomenology method, and the statistical population included divorced mothers with children residing in Shiraz in the year 1403 (2024-2025). A total of 22 participants were purposefully selected, and in-depth semi-structured interviews were conducted until data saturation was reached. Analysis of the participants' experiences led to the identification of 4 main themes and 36 sub-themes. The main themes included economic challenges, relationship crises, lack of parental alignment in upbringing, and lack of social support. The results indicate the necessity of paying attention to post-divorce parenting and increasing the awareness of divorced parents with children through participation in joint parenting workshops. Additionally, increasing support from social institutions and family-related organizations plays a significant role in reducing the economic problems of single mothers and contributes to improving the mental health of this group, thereby reducing the negative impacts of divorce.The purpose of the present study was to explore the challenges of single mothers' parenting after divorce. This qualitative study used a descriptive phenomenology method, and the statistical population included divorced mothers with children residing in Shiraz in the year 1403 (2024-2025). A total of 22 participants were purposefully selected, and in-depth semi-structured interviews were conducted until data saturation was reached. Analysis of the participants' experiences led to the identification of 4 main themes and 36 sub-themes. The main themes included economic challenges, relationship crises, lack of parental alignment in upbringing, and lack of social support. The results indicate the necessity of paying attention to post-divorce parenting and increasing the awareness of divorced parents with children through participation in joint parenting workshops. Additionally, increasing support from social institutions and family-related organizations plays a significant role in reducing the economic problems of single mothers and contributes to improving the mental health of this group, thereby reducing the negative impacts of divorce.

Abstract Socio-economic governance in any society requires models for implementation. The aim of this study is to design a model for entrepreneurship education for women heads of households under the auspices of the Imam Khomeini Relief Committee in Fars Province as a model for socio-economic governance. For this purpose, the grounded theory method was used. The statistical sample included 13 women heads of households who were interviewed using a semi-structured interview method. The research findings show that the paradigmatic model of entrepreneurship education for women heads of households includes 45 open codes in the form of 18 axial codes. The analysis of the findings indicates the existence of five main themes: social factors; cultural factors; family factors; individual-personality factors; and occupational factors. Entrepreneurship education for women heads of households is influenced by experiences and events in the living environment. On the other hand, the desire to progress and obtain a suitable job position is a strong factor that affects the entrepreneur's motivation. Also, an entrepreneur engages in creativity based on experiences, facilities, characteristics, and environmental conditions. In this model, unfavorable economic conditions, teacher-oriented parents, and valuing culture play an important role in fostering entrepreneurial thinking. Apart from this, obstacles including improper interaction with employees and time management also have a detrimental effect on entrepreneurship. In addition, the strategies adopted by the entrepreneur revolve around his personality and individual characteristics such as striving to acquire knowledge and performance based on curiosity, adaptability and tenacity, and having direction and purpose. Ultimately, positive and negative consequences including health and social usefulness, discovering new attitudes towards work, and job-related risks are experienced by the entrepreneur. The findings of this research can be taken into account for governance in the socio-economic field.

Abstract The present study aimed to investigate the lived experience of female teachers regarding the teacher ranking scheme. This research is qualitative, employing a descriptive phenomenological approach. The study population consisted of all female teachers in Rasht city. Participants included fifteen teachers who were selected through purposive and criterion-based sampling. Data were collected using semi-structured interviews. The obtained data were coded and analyzed using Colaizzi's seven-step method. The analysis yielded three main themes and seven subcategories. The first main theme was "ranking as a double burden," comprising the subcategories of "stress," "structural injustice," and "increased workload and deviation from the core mission." The second main theme was "ambivalent sense of worth," which included the subcategories of "conflicted professional identity" and "livelihood and welfare challenges." The third main theme was "imposed motivation," encompassing two subcategories: "instrumental motivation" and "ineffective implementation process." Based on the findings, it appears that the lived experience of female teachers in Rasht regarding the ranking scheme has been predominantly characterized by tension, dissatisfaction, and a sense of injustice. The results of this study suggest that, within the lived experience of teachers, the ranking scheme—rather than enhancing motivation and fairness—has become a factor contributing to increased workload, stress, and feelings of inequality. Therefore, a fundamental revision of implementation processes and attention to the voices of teachers seem necessary to achieve the original objectives of the scheme. The findings of this study can be useful for the Ministry of Education.

Abstract Since cultural components related to emotion regulation play an important role in individuals' psychological health, the present study aimed to qualitatively investigate the role of socio-cultural components related to emotion regulation in promoting sleep health among Iranian women.The present study was a qualitative study conducted using content analysis and latent analysis. The target population consisted of 12 Iranian women in 2025 who had experienced sleep-related problems for at least one week during the past year.Semi-structured interviews were conducted with them using purposive sampling until saturation was reached. Upon completion of the interviews, after eliminating and aligning similar and repetitive codes, the results of the analysis of the findings led to the discovery of 4 main categories and 8 subcategories. The main categories included items such as; components related to spiritual-religious attitude, components related to purposeful lifestyle, components related to patience and self-control, and components related to peace in family-social relationships.The findings indicate that socio-cultural concepts related to emotion regulation can play an important role in promoting women's sleep health, therefore it is suggested that health professionals pay special attention to this issue.therefore it is suggested that health professionals pay special attention to this issue.therefore it is suggested that health professionals pay special attention to this issue.

Abstract The present study aimed to investigate the lived experience of married female student teachers in dormitory life. This study was designed with a qualitative approach and phenomenological method to extract the meaning of their daily experiences in student and married life through the participants’ narratives, feelings, concerns, and deep understanding. Living simultaneously in the two important roles of “student” and “wife” in the specific conditions of dormitory has provided a complex, multidimensional, and sometimes stressful situation for this group of young women that requires a detailed, empathetic, and lived-experience-based study.Data were collected through in-depth and semi-structured interviews with a number of married female student teachers. Participants were selected purposefully and with a diversity of experiences in mind. The collected data was then analyzed using thematic analysis in a step-by-step and systematic manner to reveal the main themes, sub-themes, and hidden meanings behind the narratives.The findings of the study showed that married female student teachers face a set of intertwined challenges, including managing multiple roles, including the simultaneous role of student, spouse, and future teacher, which has caused time, energy, and psychological conflicts. The psychological pressures of being away from family and spouse, especially in the early years of marriage, have created feelings of loneliness, emotional insecurity, and duality in place belonging for many of them. Also, the structural and cultural limitations of the university environment, such as lack of attention to the specific needs of married women, lack of space for open discussion about marital issues, and the dominance of a one-dimensional view of the student role, have made conditions more difficult for this group.At the same time, the findings showed that family and academic support, especially in the form of emotional support from families of origin and spouses, as well as limited facilitation from the university administration, played an important role in increasing the resilience, adaptability, and maintaining the academic motivation of female student teachers. In addition, limited dormitory facilities, including an inappropriate space for married life, lack of privacy, lack of cooking and washing facilities, and substandard sanitary conditions, along with economic pressures from the costs of education and cohabitation, were other obstacles experienced in this path.The results of this study can be a scientific and empirical basis for reviewing and improving the welfare and educational policies and programs of Farhangian University. Paying attention to the specific needs of married women, creating dedicated facilities and spaces, designing effective support systems, providing specialized counseling, and improving the insight of officials into the lived realities of this group can lead to improving their quality of life, mental health, and academic success. In the long term, these measures will pave the way for training experienced, knowledgeable, committed, and capable teachers in fulfilling various social and professional roles.

Abstract Depression is one of the most common mental disorders, having a significant impact on quality of life. From 1990 to 2010, it was recognized as the most costly mental illness worldwide. Estimates indicate that more than 17% of the U.S. population experience depression at some point in their lives, and each year, 19 million individuals develop major depression.

In recent years, attention to psychological factors influencing the health and performance of female physical education teachers has increased. Among these factors, optimism can play an important role in enhancing psychological flexibility. The present study aimed to investigate the predictive role of optimism in psychological flexibility among female physical education teachers in Shiraz. This research was descriptive–correlational and applied in nature. The statistical population consisted of 300 female physical education teachers, of whom 140 were selected using cluster sampling. Data collection tools included three standardized questionnaires: the Psychological Flexibility Scale by Dennis and Vander Wal, and the Academic Optimism Scale by Beard et al. Data were analyzed using SPSS version 24 with Pearson correlation and multiple regression tests.

The findings revealed a positive and significant relationship between optimism and psychological flexibility. Furthermore, multiple regression analysis showed that the two variables could simultaneously predict psychological flexibility. The results indicate that optimism can contribute to enhancing the psychological resilience of female physical education teachers. Based on these findings, it is recommended that educational and counseling programs be designed and implemented to strengthen these factors, thereby facilitating improvements in teachers’ mental health and professional performance.

Abstract The present study aimed to predict marital satisfaction based on relationship beliefs among couples in Shiraz. The family, as the most fundamental social institution, plays a vital role in the psychological and emotional well-being of its members, and marital satisfaction is considered a key indicator of its stability. Since dysfunctional relationship beliefs may lead to recurrent conflicts, misunderstandings, and decreased relational quality, examining their predictive role in marital satisfaction is essential. This study employed a descriptive-correlational design, with the statistical population consisting of all couples who referred to therapeutic centers in Shiraz in 2024. A total of 270 individuals were selected using convenience sampling. Data were collected using the Marital Satisfaction Questionnaire (Ferdosi, 1999) and the Relationship Beliefs Questionnaire (Eidelson & Epstein, 1982). Data analysis with Pearson correlation and simultaneous regression in SPSS-28 revealed a significant negative relationship between dysfunctional relationship beliefs and marital satisfaction. Specifically, the dimensions of “belief in the immutability of the spouse” and “mind-reading expectation” had the strongest negative effects on marital satisfaction. Overall, findings showed that relationship beliefs accounted for about 12% of the variance in marital satisfaction. These results emphasize the necessity of modifying and adjusting relationship beliefs in couples, as such interventions can foster greater compatibility, improve emotional interactions, and enhance marital quality. Therefore, educational and counseling programs focused on revising relationship beliefs may serve as effective strategies for promoting marital satisfaction among couples.

Abstract This research aims to explore the reflection of livelihood attitudes, cultural and social women in spatial organizations and housing design patterns in urban contexts. A goal that is of double importance given the prominent role of women in the daily experience and use of residential spaces and the rapid changes in urban life patterns. It should be noted that this study stems from there. In this regard, this research has conducted research to identify and find solutions to address them by using scientific scientometrics and using Lens databases and VOSviewer software (version 1.6.20) to map knowledge and examine existing trends. To analyze the literature topics and literature, a series of studies include co-authorship networks to identify collaboration patterns and key authors, keyword co-occurrence network analysis to map semantic fields and effects of six clusters including housing, quality, sustainable development impact, cultural heritage, urban book acquisitions and climate change, citation analysis and analytical analysis. Network and distance between socio-cultural and technical-environmental clusters have been conducted. Findings show that existing conceptual clusters operate in parallel and with limited connections, while central nodes play an important role as “sustainability” in establishing links between different domains. Also, indigenous research and analytical analysis are considered to be the most important gaps. The results of this study suggest that there is room for the development of interdisciplinary models that integrate women's perspectives with quantitative environmental-climatic analyses and pave the way for the convergence of socio-cultural and technical environmental studies. A path that can lead to the advancement of theoretical foundations and the provision of practical strategies for the design of sustainable and human-centered urban housing.