Journal of Women Interdisciplinary Researches

Abstract Socio-economic governance in any society requires models for implementation. The aim of this study is to design a model for entrepreneurship education for women heads of households under the auspices of the Imam Khomeini Relief Committee in Fars Province as a model for socio-economic governance. For this purpose, the grounded theory method was used. The statistical sample included 13 women heads of households who were interviewed using a semi-structured interview method. The research findings show that the paradigmatic model of entrepreneurship education for women heads of households includes 45 open codes in the form of 18 axial codes. The analysis of the findings indicates the existence of five main themes: social factors; cultural factors; family factors; individual-personality factors; and occupational factors. Entrepreneurship education for women heads of households is influenced by experiences and events in the living environment. On the other hand, the desire to progress and obtain a suitable job position is a strong factor that affects the entrepreneur's motivation. Also, an entrepreneur engages in creativity based on experiences, facilities, characteristics, and environmental conditions. In this model, unfavorable economic conditions, teacher-oriented parents, and valuing culture play an important role in fostering entrepreneurial thinking. Apart from this, obstacles including improper interaction with employees and time management also have a detrimental effect on entrepreneurship. In addition, the strategies adopted by the entrepreneur revolve around his personality and individual characteristics such as striving to acquire knowledge and performance based on curiosity, adaptability and tenacity, and having direction and purpose. Ultimately, positive and negative consequences including health and social usefulness, discovering new attitudes towards work, and job-related risks are experienced by the entrepreneur. The findings of this research can be taken into account for governance in the socio-economic field.

Abstract In recent decades, women's fiction writing has claimed a significant share of contemporary literature, and examining the aesthetic techniques in their writings can open a window into understanding the mental and cognitive mechanisms governing the literary creation process. Therefore, the present study, based on the assumption that women writers draw upon relatively similar cognitive patterns in constructing similes, conducts a comparative analysis of the use of simile in two works: The Acrid Taste of Persimmon by Zoya Pirzad and Maut al-Baja'a (Death of the Swan) by Haifa Bitar. The question is: What similar outcome can be extracted from the stories of Zoya Pirzad and Haifa Bitar regarding the conceptual network of similes? And what reading can be derived from the similarities and differences in the application of similes by these two authors? In this study, using a descriptive-analytical method and relying on the concept of “coherence” relations in Tiegard’s theory, the simile networks have been analyzed based on the components of “supportive” and “oppositional” relations. The results of the study indicate that the authors have acted similarly in shaping coherence patterns, selecting types of targets, density, and the level of simile networks in women’s writing. The striking similarities in the cognitive patterns of simile in the works of two women writers from different languages and cultures point to the existence of shared mental models that originate from their lived experiences, gendered unconscious, and similar ways of perceiving and conceptualizing the world.

Abstract The social transformations of the 2010s, and particularly the events of 2022, demonstrated that women have become one of the most significant focal points of perceptual and media confrontation against the Islamic Republic of Iran. Nevertheless, prevailing analyses often either reduce women to emotional and reactive actors or frame them within the narratives of foreign media as drivers of social rupture. Employing a descriptive–analytical method and relying on documented data, the present study seeks to reveal the actual role of women in the perceptual and normative dynamics of Iranian society through a three-level theoretical framework encompassing post-crisis institutional damages, patterns of women’s agency during periods of crisis, and mechanisms of social order reconstruction in the post-crisis phase. The findings indicate that cognitive operations targeting women through the salience of issues such as dress, dignity, social vitality, maternal roles, and civic participation aim to undermine perceptual cohesion and generate identity fragmentation. However, women’s soft capacities within the family sphere, women-centered social institutions, and local networks have largely neutralized these operations and facilitated the restoration of perceptual and normative fractures. The analysis further shows that by strengthening emotional authorities, redefining the boundary between legitimate protest and disorder, stabilizing the national narrative, and reproducing social capital, women have emerged as key actors in guiding society from perceptual instability toward social organization. Accordingly, the study concludes that understanding the role of women in contemporary Iran must move beyond emotionalized analyses and be rearticulated within the frameworks of “post-crisis order-building” and “collective perception management” a shift that renders the empowerment of women within governance and social institutions a strategic necessity for social security and national stability.

Abstract Social anxiety, one of the most prevalent psychological disorders among children and adolescents, often has roots deeper than what appears on the surface. The present study aims to explore the link between parenting styles and the intergenerational transmission of social anxiety through a systematic review of studies conducted over the past decade. This study utilized library-based and documentary research methods, with relevant articles retrieved from reputable scientific databases, including PubMed, PsycINFO, Web of Science, and Google Scholar. Quantitative data were analyzed using the Comprehensive Meta-Analysis (CMA) software to provide a precise and coherent picture of the findings. The results revealed that parenting styles play a critical role in either fostering or mitigating social anxiety in children. Authoritarian and punitive parenting styles were associated with increased levels of social anxiety in children, whereas authoritative and responsive parenting styles were linked to a significant reduction in this disorder. Out of 102 articles reviewed, 18 were selected for in-depth analysis, and ultimately, 9 articles met the necessary quality criteria. The findings also indicated that social anxiety is associated with reduced self-esteem, increased anger, aggression, and difficulties in social relationships among children. This study underscores the importance of parental education in adopting healthy parenting practices and suggests that the prevention of social anxiety should begin within the family, where the hidden narrative of anxiety is often perpetuated across generations.

Abstract Today, many countries in the world face the cognitive demographic challenges of decreasing birth rates and delaying marriages, which can lead to aging populations and labor shortages. Iran is one of the countries affected by these developments. The aim of this study is to identify and examine effective policies that promote marriage and increase birth rates globally. The findings and analyses obtained can serve as a valuable resource for encouraging marriage among younger generations and increasing birth rates in our country. The collection of this data is a systematic review that includes reputable academic research, government publications, and statistical databases from countries that have succeeded in this global challenge that has addressed the subject over the past decade. Based on the information collected, it can be said that financial concerns such as pay increases, tax deductions for families, and care for children with working parents, as well as social support programs such as generous leave for parents, housing priority for couples, and marriage promotion, were identified with the help of initiatives such as social promotion campaigns and the use of media. The study shows promising policy options for Iran, and adjusting these findings to Iran’s cultural and religious conditions and implementing experimental plans prior to national scaling could help curtail the current trend.