https://wir.fatemiyehshiraz.ac.ir/ Journal of Women Interdisciplinary Researches en daily 1 Thu, 23 Jul 2026 00:00:00 +0330 Thu, 23 Jul 2026 00:00:00 +0330 https://wir.fatemiyehshiraz.ac.ir/article_738420.html The Arbaeen walking ritual, as one of the mourning ceremonies centered on the martyrdom of the third Shiite Imam, is considered among the most prominent and richest religious rituals, encompassing extensive quantitative and qualitative dimensions and diverse modes of organization and performance. Participants from all social strata and classes, representing a wide spectrum of religious beliefs and levels of religiosity, take part in this ritual. Within this context, Women, as one of the important participating groups, play a role in various stages of this ritual, given their different physical characteristics, mental and psychological states, as well as their distinct religious, educational, and environmental training. Women’s participation, accompanied by diverse personal experiences, takes shape through patterns such as individual, friendly, family-based, and caravan journeys, alongside a form of collective life and coexistence with others. This study adopts a qualitative approach and employs an ethnographic method, utilizing tools such as observation, participant observation, visual documentation, documentary review, and other data collection techniques to examine the nature of women’s presence and participation in the Arbaeen walking ritual. The findings indicate that women’s role-playing extends broadly both before and during the ritual. Prior to the event, these roles include contributing to the financial support of mawkibs (service stations), assisting in facilitating the participation of economically disadvantaged individuals in the pilgrimage, preparing and organizing necessary supplies for mawkibs, and engaging in similar activities. During the ritual, women actively provide a wide range of services required by pilgrims particularly female pilgrims organize women-only mourning gatherings, care for and accompany children, and undertake various supportive activities. Moreover, women play a crucial role in encouraging, promoting, and transmitting the concepts, values, and beliefs associated with the Arbaeen walking ritual to others and to future generations. Each of these forms of participation is carried out with the intention of achieving personal goals while simultaneously realizing broader human and collective ideals, grounded in profound divine and religious principles. Nevertheless, alongside these active forms of participation, certain behavioral and practical challenges albeit limited in proportion to the overall population such as begging or behaviors inconsistent with the ethics of desirable social coexistence, are also observed along the route. These issues underscore the necessity of awareness-raising and the provision of appropriate guidance to prevent their expansion in future years. Examining behaviors and actions related to women’s presence and participation in the Arbaeen walking ritual reveals a pattern of contemporary lived experience that, contrary to conventional definitions and expectations of modernity, can be conceptualized as an “enchanted modernity.” An enchanted modernity whose functional logic is based on the effort for individual growth and transcendence, along with faith in the unseen and beyond the material world, and at the same time, the use of material resources, social relations, and new tools and possibilities in order to achieve this growth and transcendence. https://wir.fatemiyehshiraz.ac.ir/article_738422.html In recent decades, women's fiction writing has claimed a significant share of contemporary literature, and examining the aesthetic techniques in their writings can open a window into understanding the mental and cognitive mechanisms governing the literary creation process. Therefore, the present study, based on the assumption that women writers draw upon relatively similar cognitive patterns in constructing similes, conducts a comparative analysis of the use of simile in two works: The Acrid Taste of Persimmon by Zoya Pirzad and Maut al-Baja'a (Death of the Swan) by Haifa Bitar. The question is: What similar outcome can be extracted from the stories of Zoya Pirzad and Haifa Bitar regarding the conceptual network of similes? And what reading can be derived from the similarities and differences in the application of similes by these two authors? In this study, using a descriptive-analytical method and relying on the concept of “coherence” relations in Tiegard’s theory, the simile networks have been analyzed based on the components of “supportive” and “oppositional” relations. The results of the study indicate that the authors have acted similarly in shaping coherence patterns, selecting types of targets, density, and the level of simile networks in women’s writing. The striking similarities in the cognitive patterns of simile in the works of two women writers from different languages and cultures point to the existence of shared mental models that originate from their lived experiences, gendered unconscious, and similar ways of perceiving and conceptualizing the world. https://wir.fatemiyehshiraz.ac.ir/article_738428.html Psychological well-being generally refers to a sense of satisfaction, happiness, and the absence of psychological stress in life. Multiple factors contribute to its development, particularly among female-headed households. In recent years, numerous studies have proposed predictive models of psychological well-being based on cognitive abilities; however, the mediating role of resilience, especially in female-headed households, has received less attention. Therefore, the present study aimed to examine the fit of a predictive model of psychological well-being based on cognitive abilities, considering the mediating role of resilience among women heading households. This research employed a descriptive-correlational design, and data were analyzed using structural equation modeling (SEM). The statistical population consisted of all female-headed households covered by the Welfare Organization in Rafsanjan County in 2024, from which 422 participants were selected using a multistage random sampling method. Data collection instruments included the Connor-Davidson Resilience Scale (2003), Ryff’s Psychological Well-Being Questionnaire (1989), and Nejati’s Cognitive Abilities Questionnaire (2013). The analysis indicated that the model fit indices were at an acceptable level. Cognitive abilities had a significant direct and indirect effect on psychological well-being through resilience among female-headed households (p < 0.05). https://wir.fatemiyehshiraz.ac.ir/article_738429.html One of the most important issues in the chapter on marriage is the problem of the wife’s nushuz (disobedience) and her unjustified refusal to fulfill marital duties. Verse 34 of Surah An-Nisa is regarded as one of the most significant Quranic evidences in explaining the method of confronting the wife’s nushuz. In addition to analyzing the content of the blessed verse, the purpose of this article is to examine whether the three stages mentioned in the verse are applicable solely within the framework of the private relationship between spouses and inside the family institution, or whether they carry implications beyond that and also include the possibility of official and governmental implementation of some of these stages through the ruler’s intervention. This noble verse, by explaining the limits of the husband’s authority in the face of his wife’s nushuz, seeks to state that the husband may, out of necessity, manage and resolve the wife’s nushuz through intra-family solutions and avoid hastening the dissolution of the marital relationship. By reconciling the permissibility of this solution—namely, light and mild striking by the husband—with the legitimacy of the ruler’s intervention, including the discretionary punishment (ta’zir) of the disobedient wife, this research demonstrates that the aforementioned verse is not only concerned with family management at the spousal level but also carries a general implication regarding the legitimacy of discipline and ta’zir in response to the refusal of marital rights. This can be justified as a religiously sanctioned and governmental guarantee of enforcement. Accordingly, Verse 34 of Surah An-Nisa, in addition to outlining intra-family management methods, can be considered a basis for the legitimacy of the ruler’s intervention in cases of nushuz and the application of ta’zir within the framework of Sharia, while preserving family order and marital rights. In other words, this verse presents a gradual system for confronting the wife’s nushuz—a system that begins with admonition by the husband and, in its final stage, leads to referral to the ruler for the realization of rights. Of course, it appears that in the present era, referring to specialized family counseling centers and receiving guidance from a family physician should be considered the best alternative to striking. https://wir.fatemiyehshiraz.ac.ir/article_738430.html Throughout history, discriminatory beliefs against women have led to various movements such as feminism. The feminist perspective, with its claim of defending women's rights and eliminating the grounds for oppression and inequality against them, has gained a prominent position in the thought of various societies. However, this theory, with its challenging views in various fields such as family, pregnancy, and motherhood, has led to numerous social problems in societies. One of these problems is demographic changes. This article examines Islamic solutions from the perspective of the Quran and Hadiths in countering the impact of the feminist approach on demographic changes. This research was conducted using a descriptive-analytical method through the study of documentary and library sources. This theory, by promoting individualistic thought, deeming the institution of family as oppressive, fostering a negative view toward motherhood and reproduction, encouraging women to work outside the home, legitimizing abortion, and promoting sexual freedom, has had a significant impact on the population decline in societies. In contrast, Islam places great value on women and, in numerous verses and traditions, encourages marriage, family formation, and childbearing. Among the most important Islamic solutions for increasing population are encouraging marriage—especially at a young age, reminding of the material and spiritual values of children, prohibiting abortion with regard to women’s lack of absolute ownership over their bodies, condemning divorce, combating free sexual relations, and honoring the status of motherhood. https://wir.fatemiyehshiraz.ac.ir/article_738230.html The present study aimed to investigate the relationship between social skills and academic boredom with the mediating role of empathy among female junior high school students in Fasa. The statistical population included all female students studying at junior high schools in Fasa during the 2024–2025 academic year. Based on Morgan’s table, a total of 150 female students were selected through a multistage cluster sampling method. The research instruments included the Matson Evaluation of Social Skills (1983), the Academic Boredom Questionnaire by Reijsiger et al. (2020), and the Davis Interpersonal Reactivity Index (1983). Data were analyzed using AMOS software and the structural equation modeling (SEM) method at a 95% confidence level. The results indicated that the path coefficient of social skills to empathy was 0.71, social skills to academic boredom was −0.29, empathy to academic boredom was −0.28, and social skills indirectly affected academic boredom through empathy by −0.196. https://wir.fatemiyehshiraz.ac.ir/article_738501.html The present study was conducted with the aim of examining the attitudes of Tehranian girls toward hijab and analyzing the social, cultural, and psychological factors affecting it. In Iran, particularly after the Islamic Revolution, hijab has transformed from a religious and legal obligation into a sphere for the representation of individual and social identity. The research method was quantitative and survey-based. The statistical population consisted of girls residing in Tehran aged 18–35 years. A sample of 544 individuals was selected through convenience sampling. Data were collected using a Likert-scale questionnaire and analyzed with SPSS. The statistical tests employed included descriptive statistics, Pearson correlation, and multiple regression. The findings indicated that the inclination toward hijab has declined among Tehranian girls and is increasingly perceived as an individual and identity-based choice. Psychological factors such as identity crisis and social self-presentation had the strongest negative effect on the tendency toward hijab, while socio-cultural factors such as media and peers also had a negative but weaker effect. In contrast, value-religious factors such as knowledge of the rulings and philosophy of hijab had a positive effect, though insufficient; a clear gap was observed between the interest in learning and actual knowledge. These results are consistent with domestic literature (Fallahzadeh, Karimi, Nasrollahi) and international studies (Gole, Mahmoud, Rosner) and demonstrate that in the modern context, hijab has become a domain for redefining identity and cultural resistance. https://wir.fatemiyehshiraz.ac.ir/article_728350.html In Islam, the preservation of family life holds great significance, to the extent that the Sacred Lawgiver has precisely defined the rights and duties of each spouse to ensure the well-being of the family. The legislator, likewise, has enacted various laws to safeguard the stability and continuity of the family, emphasizing the creation of a family-centered society and thestrengthening of family foundations based on religious teachings, with the family serving as a focal point in laws and regulations. Accordingly, based on the circumstances surrounding the issuance of narrations related to the application of the principle of prohibition of harm (la darar), certain criteria derived from hadiths can be identified as standards for determining harm in the family sphere. Any transgression of these criteria can lead to fundamental challenges within the family.The necessity of this study lies in the fact that during the processes of family formation, continuation, and dissolution, and in light of the contexts of narrations concerning the la darar principle, certain behaviors may constitute harm within the family. This necessitates a review of existing laws and the enactment of new legislation in this regard. From the perspective of dynamic jurisprudence and the influence of time and place on ijtihad, these issues can be reexamined with a fresh approach.Using a descriptive-analytical method, this study concludes that, based on the contexts of the narrations, a number of strong and logical criteria can be extracted from hadiths and narrations—such as the obligation to preserve the privacy and security of the family, prevention of moral or spiritual harm to family members, maintaining confidentiality within the family environment, avoiding financial deprivation of women or imposing financial burdens on them in exchange for agreeing to divorce, observing financial fairness among heirs, and ensuring the emotional and financial support of parents for children. These criteria can serve as the basis for new legal rulings and help prevent harmful behaviors within the family sphere. https://wir.fatemiyehshiraz.ac.ir/article_727651.html The purpose of the present study was to explore the challenges of single mothers' parenting after divorce. This qualitative study used a descriptive phenomenology method, and the statistical population included divorced mothers with children residing in Shiraz in the year 1403 (2024-2025). A total of 22 participants were purposefully selected, and in-depth semi-structured interviews were conducted until data saturation was reached. Analysis of the participants' experiences led to the identification of 4 main themes and 36 sub-themes. The main themes included economic challenges, relationship crises, lack of parental alignment in upbringing, and lack of social support. The results indicate the necessity of paying attention to post-divorce parenting and increasing the awareness of divorced parents with children through participation in joint parenting workshops. Additionally, increasing support from social institutions and family-related organizations plays a significant role in reducing the economic problems of single mothers and contributes to improving the mental health of this group, thereby reducing the negative impacts of divorce.The purpose of the present study was to explore the challenges of single mothers' parenting after divorce. This qualitative study used a descriptive phenomenology method, and the statistical population included divorced mothers with children residing in Shiraz in the year 1403 (2024-2025). A total of 22 participants were purposefully selected, and in-depth semi-structured interviews were conducted until data saturation was reached. Analysis of the participants' experiences led to the identification of 4 main themes and 36 sub-themes. The main themes included economic challenges, relationship crises, lack of parental alignment in upbringing, and lack of social support. The results indicate the necessity of paying attention to post-divorce parenting and increasing the awareness of divorced parents with children through participation in joint parenting workshops. Additionally, increasing support from social institutions and family-related organizations plays a significant role in reducing the economic problems of single mothers and contributes to improving the mental health of this group, thereby reducing the negative impacts of divorce. https://wir.fatemiyehshiraz.ac.ir/article_734936.html Socio-economic governance in any society requires models for implementation. The aim of this study is to design a model for entrepreneurship education for women heads of households under the auspices of the Imam Khomeini Relief Committee in Fars Province as a model for socio-economic governance. For this purpose, the grounded theory method was used. The statistical sample included 13 women heads of households who were interviewed using a semi-structured interview method. The research findings show that the paradigmatic model of entrepreneurship education for women heads of households includes 45 open codes in the form of 18 axial codes. The analysis of the findings indicates the existence of five main themes: social factors; cultural factors; family factors; individual-personality factors; and occupational factors. Entrepreneurship education for women heads of households is influenced by experiences and events in the living environment. On the other hand, the desire to progress and obtain a suitable job position is a strong factor that affects the entrepreneur's motivation. Also, an entrepreneur engages in creativity based on experiences, facilities, characteristics, and environmental conditions. In this model, unfavorable economic conditions, teacher-oriented parents, and valuing culture play an important role in fostering entrepreneurial thinking. Apart from this, obstacles including improper interaction with employees and time management also have a detrimental effect on entrepreneurship. In addition, the strategies adopted by the entrepreneur revolve around his personality and individual characteristics such as striving to acquire knowledge and performance based on curiosity, adaptability and tenacity, and having direction and purpose. Ultimately, positive and negative consequences including health and social usefulness, discovering new attitudes towards work, and job-related risks are experienced by the entrepreneur. The findings of this research can be taken into account for governance in the socio-economic field. https://wir.fatemiyehshiraz.ac.ir/article_738648.html The present study aimed to investigate the lived experience of female teachers regarding the teacher ranking scheme. This research is qualitative, employing a descriptive phenomenological approach. The study population consisted of all female teachers in Rasht city. Participants included fifteen teachers who were selected through purposive and criterion-based sampling. Data were collected using semi-structured interviews. The obtained data were coded and analyzed using Colaizzi's seven-step method. The analysis yielded three main themes and seven subcategories. The first main theme was "ranking as a double burden," comprising the subcategories of "stress," "structural injustice," and "increased workload and deviation from the core mission." The second main theme was "ambivalent sense of worth," which included the subcategories of "conflicted professional identity" and "livelihood and welfare challenges." The third main theme was "imposed motivation," encompassing two subcategories: "instrumental motivation" and "ineffective implementation process." Based on the findings, it appears that the lived experience of female teachers in Rasht regarding the ranking scheme has been predominantly characterized by tension, dissatisfaction, and a sense of injustice. The results of this study suggest that, within the lived experience of teachers, the ranking scheme—rather than enhancing motivation and fairness—has become a factor contributing to increased workload, stress, and feelings of inequality. Therefore, a fundamental revision of implementation processes and attention to the voices of teachers seem necessary to achieve the original objectives of the scheme. The findings of this study can be useful for the Ministry of Education. https://wir.fatemiyehshiraz.ac.ir/article_738649.html Since cultural components related to emotion regulation play an important role in individuals' psychological health, the present study aimed to qualitatively investigate the role of socio-cultural components related to emotion regulation in promoting sleep health among Iranian women.The present study was a qualitative study conducted using content analysis and latent analysis. The target population consisted of 12 Iranian women in 2025 who had experienced sleep-related problems for at least one week during the past year.Semi-structured interviews were conducted with them using purposive sampling until saturation was reached. Upon completion of the interviews, after eliminating and aligning similar and repetitive codes, the results of the analysis of the findings led to the discovery of 4 main categories and 8 subcategories. The main categories included items such as; components related to spiritual-religious attitude, components related to purposeful lifestyle, components related to patience and self-control, and components related to peace in family-social relationships.The findings indicate that socio-cultural concepts related to emotion regulation can play an important role in promoting women's sleep health, therefore it is suggested that health professionals pay special attention to this issue.therefore it is suggested that health professionals pay special attention to this issue.therefore it is suggested that health professionals pay special attention to this issue. https://wir.fatemiyehshiraz.ac.ir/article_738650.html The present study aimed to investigate the lived experience of married female student teachers in dormitory life. This study was designed with a qualitative approach and phenomenological method to extract the meaning of their daily experiences in student and married life through the participants’ narratives, feelings, concerns, and deep understanding. Living simultaneously in the two important roles of “student” and “wife” in the specific conditions of dormitory has provided a complex, multidimensional, and sometimes stressful situation for this group of young women that requires a detailed, empathetic, and lived-experience-based study.Data were collected through in-depth and semi-structured interviews with a number of married female student teachers. Participants were selected purposefully and with a diversity of experiences in mind. The collected data was then analyzed using thematic analysis in a step-by-step and systematic manner to reveal the main themes, sub-themes, and hidden meanings behind the narratives.The findings of the study showed that married female student teachers face a set of intertwined challenges, including managing multiple roles, including the simultaneous role of student, spouse, and future teacher, which has caused time, energy, and psychological conflicts. The psychological pressures of being away from family and spouse, especially in the early years of marriage, have created feelings of loneliness, emotional insecurity, and duality in place belonging for many of them. Also, the structural and cultural limitations of the university environment, such as lack of attention to the specific needs of married women, lack of space for open discussion about marital issues, and the dominance of a one-dimensional view of the student role, have made conditions more difficult for this group.At the same time, the findings showed that family and academic support, especially in the form of emotional support from families of origin and spouses, as well as limited facilitation from the university administration, played an important role in increasing the resilience, adaptability, and maintaining the academic motivation of female student teachers. In addition, limited dormitory facilities, including an inappropriate space for married life, lack of privacy, lack of cooking and washing facilities, and substandard sanitary conditions, along with economic pressures from the costs of education and cohabitation, were other obstacles experienced in this path.The results of this study can be a scientific and empirical basis for reviewing and improving the welfare and educational policies and programs of Farhangian University. Paying attention to the specific needs of married women, creating dedicated facilities and spaces, designing effective support systems, providing specialized counseling, and improving the insight of officials into the lived realities of this group can lead to improving their quality of life, mental health, and academic success. In the long term, these measures will pave the way for training experienced, knowledgeable, committed, and capable teachers in fulfilling various social and professional roles. https://wir.fatemiyehshiraz.ac.ir/article_738652.html Depression is one of the most common mental disorders, having a significant impact on quality of life. From 1990 to 2010, it was recognized as the most costly mental illness worldwide. Estimates indicate that more than 17% of the U.S. population experience depression at some point in their lives, and each year, 19 million individuals develop major depression.In recent years, attention to psychological factors influencing the health and performance of female physical education teachers has increased. Among these factors, optimism can play an important role in enhancing psychological flexibility. The present study aimed to investigate the predictive role of optimism in psychological flexibility among female physical education teachers in Shiraz. This research was descriptive–correlational and applied in nature. The statistical population consisted of 300 female physical education teachers, of whom 140 were selected using cluster sampling. Data collection tools included three standardized questionnaires: the Psychological Flexibility Scale by Dennis and Vander Wal, and the Academic Optimism Scale by Beard et al. Data were analyzed using SPSS version 24 with Pearson correlation and multiple regression tests.The findings revealed a positive and significant relationship between optimism and psychological flexibility. Furthermore, multiple regression analysis showed that the two variables could simultaneously predict psychological flexibility. The results indicate that optimism can contribute to enhancing the psychological resilience of female physical education teachers. Based on these findings, it is recommended that educational and counseling programs be designed and implemented to strengthen these factors, thereby facilitating improvements in teachers’ mental health and professional performance. https://wir.fatemiyehshiraz.ac.ir/article_738653.html The present study aimed to predict marital satisfaction based on relationship beliefs among couples in Shiraz. The family, as the most fundamental social institution, plays a vital role in the psychological and emotional well-being of its members, and marital satisfaction is considered a key indicator of its stability. Since dysfunctional relationship beliefs may lead to recurrent conflicts, misunderstandings, and decreased relational quality, examining their predictive role in marital satisfaction is essential. This study employed a descriptive-correlational design, with the statistical population consisting of all couples who referred to therapeutic centers in Shiraz in 2024. A total of 270 individuals were selected using convenience sampling. Data were collected using the Marital Satisfaction Questionnaire (Ferdosi, 1999) and the Relationship Beliefs Questionnaire (Eidelson & Epstein, 1982). Data analysis with Pearson correlation and simultaneous regression in SPSS-28 revealed a significant negative relationship between dysfunctional relationship beliefs and marital satisfaction. Specifically, the dimensions of “belief in the immutability of the spouse” and “mind-reading expectation” had the strongest negative effects on marital satisfaction. Overall, findings showed that relationship beliefs accounted for about 12% of the variance in marital satisfaction. These results emphasize the necessity of modifying and adjusting relationship beliefs in couples, as such interventions can foster greater compatibility, improve emotional interactions, and enhance marital quality. Therefore, educational and counseling programs focused on revising relationship beliefs may serve as effective strategies for promoting marital satisfaction among couples. https://wir.fatemiyehshiraz.ac.ir/article_738654.html This research aims to explore the reflection of livelihood attitudes, cultural and social women in spatial organizations and housing design patterns in urban contexts. A goal that is of double importance given the prominent role of women in the daily experience and use of residential spaces and the rapid changes in urban life patterns. It should be noted that this study stems from there. In this regard, this research has conducted research to identify and find solutions to address them by using scientific scientometrics and using Lens databases and VOSviewer software (version 1.6.20) to map knowledge and examine existing trends. To analyze the literature topics and literature, a series of studies include co-authorship networks to identify collaboration patterns and key authors, keyword co-occurrence network analysis to map semantic fields and effects of six clusters including housing, quality, sustainable development impact, cultural heritage, urban book acquisitions and climate change, citation analysis and analytical analysis. Network and distance between socio-cultural and technical-environmental clusters have been conducted. Findings show that existing conceptual clusters operate in parallel and with limited connections, while central nodes play an important role as “sustainability” in establishing links between different domains. Also, indigenous research and analytical analysis are considered to be the most important gaps. The results of this study suggest that there is room for the development of interdisciplinary models that integrate women's perspectives with quantitative environmental-climatic analyses and pave the way for the convergence of socio-cultural and technical environmental studies. A path that can lead to the advancement of theoretical foundations and the provision of practical strategies for the design of sustainable and human-centered urban housing. https://wir.fatemiyehshiraz.ac.ir/article_738874.html The purpose of this study was to determining the relationship between information ethics and work ethics and self - efficacy in female high school female teachers . . The statistical population of the study included 303 teachers of the first high school of mamasani town , 303 patients , of which 170 were selected as sample and by stratified random sampling method . Data gathering tools were standard questionnaires of teacher self - efficacy moran and, gregory 's work ethic ( 1990 ) and information, (to describe the data , descriptive statistics methods and for inferential analysis of data , pearson correlation and regression methods were used . the results of the study showed that there was a positive and significant relationship between self - efficacy with work ethics and self - efficacy in teachers and the results of the study showed that فناوری had the predictive capability between work ethic and teacher efficacy . ( p < 0.01 ). The purpose of this study was to determining the relationship between information ethics and work ethics and self - efficacy in female high school female teachers . . The statistical population of the study included 303 teachers of the first high school of mamasani town , 303 patients , of which 170 were selected as sample and by stratified random sampling method . Data gathering tools were standard questionnaires of teacher self - efficacy moran and, gregory 's work ethic ( 1990 ) and information, (to describe the data , descriptive statistics methods and for inferential analysis of data , pearson correlation and regression methods were used . the results of the study showed that there was a positive and significant relationship between self - efficacy with work ethics and self - efficacy in teachers and the results of the study showed that فناوری had the predictive capability between work ethic and teacher efficacy . ( p < 0.01 ). https://wir.fatemiyehshiraz.ac.ir/article_740753.html Gabrielle Zevin's novel Tomorrow, and Tomorrow, and Tomorrow (2022) stands as one of the most prominent works of contemporary literature, offering an interdisciplinary exploration of human relationships, creativity, the video game industry, and the evolution of character identities. While much of the existing scholarship has focused on themes such as friendship, creativity, and technology, the central problem remains how emotional narratives and power dynamics shape the gender identity of characters in this work; a subject that has not been systematically investigated. This study aims to elucidate how gender is performed and how emotional narratives contribute to the reconstruction of the main characters' identities, analyzing the novel through the lens of Judith Butler's theory of gender performativity. Adopting a qualitative, interdisciplinary approach and employing a descriptive-analytical method, this research draws on data extracted from the novel's text, examined through narrative and thematic analysis. The theoretical framework is grounded in Butler's core concepts, including gender performativity, gender norms, repetition, agency, resistance, and subjectivation. The key findings reveal that the gender identities of the protagonists—particularly Sadie, Sam, and Marx—are not rooted in intrinsic traits but are shaped through repetitive acts, social interactions, emotional relationships, and professional experiences. This study concludes that the novel, by departing from dualistic and essentialist models of femininity and masculinity, portrays gender identity as a dynamic, fluid process contingent upon social and emotional contexts, and that Butler's theory provides an effective framework for its analysis. https://wir.fatemiyehshiraz.ac.ir/article_741052.html Intimacy is one of the fundamental components of interpersonal relationships, encompassing a range of emotional, psychological, physical, communicative, and social dimensions that play an important role in the formation and maintenance of close relationships. The present study aimed to identify the components of intimacy in the intimate relationships of young single individuals, with an emphasis on the experiences of young single women. This qualitative study employed a grounded theory approach. The participants consisted of 20 young single men and women from Shiraz who had experienced intimate relationships and were selected through purposive sampling. Data were collected through semi-structured interviews, and the interview process continued until theoretical saturation was reached. During the data analysis process, 360 open codes, 61 initial concepts, 21 focused concepts, 11 subthemes, and four main themes—including physical, communicative, sexual, and financial intimacy—were identified. Ultimately, the analysis resulted in the identification of 15 components constituting intimacy in the intimate relationships of young single individuals: emotional intimacy, psychological intimacy, sexual intimacy, intellectual intimacy, physical intimacy, spiritual intimacy, aesthetic intimacy, social and recreational intimacy, temporal intimacy, commonalities, fostering enthusiasm and giving meaning to life, the role of interpersonal skills in intimacy, personal characteristics and experiences, commitment and willingness to establish a long-term relationship with the goal of marriage, and respect for boundaries. The findings indicate that intimacy in the intimate relationships of young single individuals is a multidimensional construct and is not limited solely to emotional or physical dimensions. These findings contribute to enriching the existing research literature on intimacy in the intimate relationships of young single individuals and can provide a basis for designing educational programs and interventions aimed at enhancing relationship skills and improving the quality of young people's intimate relationships. https://wir.fatemiyehshiraz.ac.ir/article_741129.html The present study was conducted to examine the relationship between psychological resilience and quality of life among female elementary school teachers in North Khorasan Province, with an emphasis on multiple family and occupational roles. In terms of purpose, the study was applied, and in terms of methodology, it employed a descriptive-correlational design. The statistical population consisted of all female teachers employed in elementary schools in North Khorasan Province during the 2025–2026 academic year, totaling 3,140 individuals. Based on Cochran’s formula, 342 participants were selected using stratified random sampling. Data were collected using the Connor–Davidson Resilience Scale, the World Health Organization Quality of Life Questionnaire, and the Carlson et al. Work–Family Role Conflict Questionnaire. The validity and reliability of the instruments were examined and confirmed using confirmatory factor analysis and Cronbach’s alpha coefficient, respectively, and Cronbach’s alpha coefficients for all instruments were greater than 0.85. The research data were analyzed using SPSS 29 and AMOS 28. The findings indicated a positive and significant relationship between psychological resilience and quality of life among female teachers. Furthermore, family and occupational role conflicts had significant negative relationships with psychological resilience, and increased conflict between these roles was associated with decreased resilience. The results of the structural equation modeling also showed that psychological resilience played a significant mediating role in the relationship between family and occupational role conflicts and quality of life. Overall, the findings indicate that psychological resilience can serve as a protective factor by mitigating the negative effects of family and occupational role conflicts on the quality of life of female teachers and creating conditions for improving their psychological well-being and increasing their life satisfaction.