Identifying Factors Affecting Career Success of Imam Khomeini International University’s Female Employees
Subject Areas :Mahdi Nasrollahi 1 * , Yahya Khanmohammadi 2
1 - Assistant Professor, Imam Khomeini International University, Qazvin, Iran.
2 - Imam Khomeini International University
Keywords: Career success, Individual factors, Demographic, Motivation, Personality.,
Abstract :
Given the rise in the number of female graduates and their inclination to participate in social roles, the need for jobs commensurate with their level of education becomes essential. Career success, as a multidimensional concept, is influenced by various factors including individual, environmental, and organizational characteristics. In this context, identifying the factors affecting career success can help improve working conditions and enhance the capabilities of female employees. Therefore, the aim of the present study was to identify individual factors influencing the career success of female employees at the IKIU. This research is of an applied nature. The statistical population of the study included all female employees of the university, who were surveyed through a census of 100 individuals. The data collection tool was a questionnaire with 146 questions. In this study, structural equation modeling and factor analysis were used to investigate the individual factors affecting the career success of female employees and to identify latent variables, ensuring data validity by using software such as EXCEL, SPSS, and PLS. Additionally, convergent and discriminant validity, as well as composite reliability and Cronbach's alpha, were used to determine validity and reliability. The findings from the 74 collected questionnaires indicate that the factor loadings for all variables under study are at a desirable level (β > 0.5), which is indicative of the construct's validity and reliability. The analyses show that conscientiousness, agreeableness, occupational motivation, motivation for public service, work-family conflict, number of children, and age have a positive impact on career success. In contrast, factors such as self-esteem, openness, extraversion, neuroticism, masculinity, marital status, education, and experience do not affect career success. These results are particularly important in the field of managerial positions for women in male-dominated organizations where the number of female employees is significantly lower than that of men. Therefore, the necessary conditions should be provided for female employees to be given opportunities to experience various job responsibilities. Ultimately, this research can serve as a reliable source for identifying and analyzing factors affecting the career success of female employees in universities. Given the importance and status of employees in the university system, there is a need for continuous improvement and enhancement of scientific capabilities, professional skills, and expertise on the agenda of higher education policymakers. This study can be used as a guide for university policymakers and administrators to improve working conditions and enhance the career success of female employees, helping to identify and address existing obstacles in this area.
1- اسکندری، محسن؛ فتحی‌آشتیانی، علی؛ سلیمی، سیدحسین؛ انیسی، جعفر(1389). موفقیت شغلی و ویژگی‌های کارکنان در یک رسته خاص نظامی. روانشناسی نظامی، 1(2)، 13-24.
2- ایمانی خوشخو، محمدحسن؛ محمود‌زاده، سید مجتبی؛ پیرمحمدی، فریده(1392). عوامل مؤثر بر موفقیت شغلی زنان در گردشگری. مطالعه موردی: هتل‌های 4 و 5 ستاره شهر تهران. گردشگری و توسعه، 2، 35-46.
3- خسروی‌پور، بهمن؛ سلیمانی‌پور، محمدرضا(1393). تحلیل اثرات قابلیت‌های حرفه‌ای آموزشگران در موفقیت شغلی دانش‌آموختگان مراکز علمی و کاربردی کشاورزی. رهیافتی نو در مدیریت آموزشی، 5(20)، 181-196.
doi: 20.1001.1.20086369.1393.5.20.8.3
4- رحمانی، علی و آدم‌پیرا، سعیده(1392). عوامل مؤثر بر موفقیت شغلی زنان حسابدار ایران. دانش حسابداری و حسابرسی مدیریت،2(8)، 129-140.
5- سرمد، زهره؛ حجازی، الهه و بازرگان، عباس(1398). روش‌های تحقیق در علوم رفتاری. تهران: انتشارات آگه.
6- سوری، فاطمه؛ زر، مهدی(1385). بررسی میزان رابطه موفقیت شغلی زنان شاغل با نوع شغل. انگیزش و عوامل شخصیتی آنان. فصلنامه فرهنگی تربیتی زنان و خانواده، 4، 43-80.
7- شعبانی بهار، غلامرضا؛ عرفانی، نصراله؛ حکمتی، زهرا(1392). رابطه بین انگیزه ورزش و میزان موفقیت شغلی کارکنان اداره کل آموزش‌وپرورش استان کرمانشاه. پژوهش‌های کاربردی در مدیریت ورزشی، 2(3)، 11-21.
8- شفیعی، میلاد؛ خانجانخانی، خاطره؛ موسوی، سید مسعود؛ هاشمی، فاطمه‌السادات؛ و بهاری‌نیا، سجاد(1399). تعیین رابطه تیپ شخصیتی و محیط درون سازمان با موفقیت شغلی با استفاده از رویکرد شبکه‌های عصبی مصنوعی. مجله سلامت کار ایران، 17(1)، 657-671.
عباس نژاد، طیبه؛ بحری، شیما؛ و بانشی، عبادالله(1398). شناسایی مزیت‌ها و چالش‌های ادامه تحصیل و بررسی تأثیر آن بر موفقیت شغلی ادراک شده و عملکرد شغلی. مدیریت منابع انسانی پایدار، 1(1)، 52-31. doi: 10.22080/shrm.2019.2355
9- قلی‌فر، احسان؛ حجازی، سید یوسف؛ حسینی، سید محمود(1389). تحلیل عاملی مهارت‌های حرفه‌ای لازم برای موفقیت شغلی از دیدگاه اعضاء هیئت‌علمی دانشکده‌های کشاورزی ایران. فصلنامه پژوهش و برنامه‌ریزی در آموزش عالی، 16(3)، 125-141.
10- گروسی فرشی، میرتقی(1380). رویکردی نوین در ارزیابی شخصیت (کاربرد تحلیل عاملی در مطالعات شخصیت). تبریز: جامعه پژوه: دانیال.
11- همتی، عصمت؛ جلالی فراهانی، مجید؛ علی دوست قهفرخی، ابراهیم؛ و خبیري، محمد(1397). ارائۀ مدل عوامل فردي و سازمانی پیش‌برنده و بازدارنده موفقیت شغلی در کارکنان زن سازمان ورزش شهرداري تهران. پژوهش‌های کاربردی در مدیریت ورزشی، 4(24)، 61-71.
12- Baluku, M. M., Mugabi, E. N., Nansamba, J., Matagi, L., Onderi, P., & Otto, K. (2021). Psychological capital and career outcomes among final year university students: The mediating role of career engagement and perceived employability. International Journal of Applied Positive Psychology, 6, 55-80.doi:10.1007/s41042-020-00040-w
13- Becker, G. S. (2009). Human capital: A theoretical and empirical analysis, with special reference to education. University of Chicago press.
14- Bem, S. L. (1981). Bem sex-role inventory. Professional Manual. Palo Alto, CA Consulting Psychologists Press.
15- Bianchi, S. M., & Milkie, M. A. (2010). Work and family research in the first decade of the 21st century. Journal of marriage and family, 72(3), 705-725. doi:10.1111/j.1741-3737.2010.00726.x
16- Burke, S., & Collins, K. M. (2001). Gender differences in leadership styles and management skills. Women in management review, 16(5), 244-257. doi:10.1108/09649420110395728
17- Carlson, D. S., Kacmar, K. M., & Williams, L. J. (2000). Construction and initial validation of a multidimensional measure of work–family conflict. Journal of Vocational behavior, 56(2), 249-276. doi:10.1006/jvbe.1999.1713
18- Choi, Y. (2015). Career success factors of women in the public sector: an empirical analysis of the Korean central government. Asian Social Science, 11(9), 300.
19- Deci, E. L., & Ryan, R. M. (Eds.). (2004). Handbook of self-determination research. University Rochester Press.
20- Dlouhy, K., & Froidevaux, A. (2024). Evolution of professionals' careers upon graduation in STEM and occupational turnover over time: Patterns, diversity characteristics, career success, and self‐employment. Journal of Organizational Behavior, 45(3), 344-361.doi:10.1002/job.2615
21- Gattiker, U. E., & Larwood, L. (1986). Subjective career success: A study of managers and support personnel. Journal of business and psychology, 1(2), 78-94.
22- Greenhaus, J. H., & Powell, G. N. (2006). When work and family are allies: A theory of work-family enrichment. Academy of management review, 31(1), 72-92.
23- Hackman, J. R., & Oldham, G. R. (1976). Motivation through the design of work: Test of a theory. Organizational behavior and human performance, 16(2), 250-279.
24- Hofmann, C., Häfeli, K., Müller, X., & Krauss, A. (2021). Transition from low-threshold vocational education and training to work in Switzerland: Factors influencing objective and subjective career success. International journal for research in vocational education and training, 8(2), 136-159. doi:10.13152/IJRVET.8.2.1
25- Joshi, G., & Dhar, R. L. (2022). Female workers' career success in the handicraft industry: a study of Uttarakhand, India. Personnel Review. ahead-of-print. doi:10.1108/PR-01-2019-0003
26- Lei, C., Hossain, M. S., Mostafiz, M. I., & Khalifa, G. S. (2021). Factors determining employee career success in the Chinese hotel industry: A perspective of Job-Demand Resources theory. Journal of Hospitality and Tourism Management, 48, 301-311. doi:10.1016/j.jhtm.2021.07.001
27- Mincer, J., & Polachek, S. (1974). Family investments in human capital: Earnings of women. Journal of political Economy, 82(2, Part 2), S76-S108.
28- Perry, J. L. (1997). Antecedents of public service motivation. Journal of public administration research and theory, 7(2), 181-197.
29- Ramli, H. S. B., Chin, A. L. L., & Choo, A. C. P. (2016). Career success for women in higher education institution: The factors influencing the success of women academician. International Business Management, 10(17), 3929-3935.
30- Rogelberg, S. G. (Ed.). (2007). Encyclopedia of industrial and organizational psychology (Vol. 1). Sage.
31- Rostyslav, C., & Vsevolod, Z. (2024). Exploring the Relationship between Personality and Subjective Career Success: A Study of the Big Five Traits among Ukrainian It Specialists. Conhecimento & Diversidade, 16(41), 347-375. doi:10.18316/rcd.v16i41.11504
32- Rowley, C., Kang, H. R., & Lim, H. J. (2016). Female manager career success: the importance of individual and organizational factors in South Korea. Asia Pacific Journal of Human Resources, 54(1), 98-122. doi: 10.1111/1744-7941.12071
33- Shrestha, I., Dahal, R. K., Ghimire, B., & Rai, B. (2023). Invisible barriers: Effects of glass ceiling on women’s career progression in Nepalese commercial banks. Problems and Perspectives in Management, 21(4), 605-616. doi:10.21511/ppm.21(4).2023.45
34- Waldfogel, J. (1997). The effect of children on women's wages. American Sociological Review, 62(2), 209-217.
35- Wu, C., Fu, M. M., Cheng, S. Z., Lin, Y. W., Yan, J. R., Wu, J., ... & Lang, H. J. (2022). Career identity and career success among Chinese male nurses: the mediating role of work engagement. Journal of nursing management, 30(7), 3350-3359. doi:10.1111/jonm.13782
36- Yim, S., Kim, M., & Park, Y. (2022). The influence of clan culture and supervisor support on Korean female managers’ subjective career success: Mediating role of leadership competencies. Industrial and Commercial Training, 54(3), 396-412.
37- Zhao, Y., & Sang, B. (2023). The role of emotional quotients and adversity quotients in career success. Frontiers in Psychology, 14, 1128773. doi:10.3389/fpsyg.2023.1128773