Journal of Women Interdisciplinary Researches

Abstract The purpose of the present study was to explore the challenges of single mothers' parenting after divorce. This qualitative study used a descriptive phenomenology method, and the statistical population included divorced mothers with children residing in Shiraz in the year 1403 (2024-2025). A total of 22 participants were purposefully selected, and in-depth semi-structured interviews were conducted until data saturation was reached. Analysis of the participants' experiences led to the identification of 4 main themes and 36 sub-themes. The main themes included economic challenges, relationship crises, lack of parental alignment in upbringing, and lack of social support. The results indicate the necessity of paying attention to post-divorce parenting and increasing the awareness of divorced parents with children through participation in joint parenting workshops. Additionally, increasing support from social institutions and family-related organizations plays a significant role in reducing the economic problems of single mothers and contributes to improving the mental health of this group, thereby reducing the negative impacts of divorce.The purpose of the present study was to explore the challenges of single mothers' parenting after divorce. This qualitative study used a descriptive phenomenology method, and the statistical population included divorced mothers with children residing in Shiraz in the year 1403 (2024-2025). A total of 22 participants were purposefully selected, and in-depth semi-structured interviews were conducted until data saturation was reached. Analysis of the participants' experiences led to the identification of 4 main themes and 36 sub-themes. The main themes included economic challenges, relationship crises, lack of parental alignment in upbringing, and lack of social support. The results indicate the necessity of paying attention to post-divorce parenting and increasing the awareness of divorced parents with children through participation in joint parenting workshops. Additionally, increasing support from social institutions and family-related organizations plays a significant role in reducing the economic problems of single mothers and contributes to improving the mental health of this group, thereby reducing the negative impacts of divorce.

Abstract In Islam, the preservation of family life holds great significance, to the extent that the Sacred Lawgiver has precisely defined the rights and duties of each spouse to ensure the well-being of the family. The legislator, likewise, has enacted various laws to safeguard the stability and continuity of the family, emphasizing the creation of a family-centered society and the strengthening of family foundations based on religious teachings, with the family serving as a focal point in laws and regulations. Accordingly, based on the circumstances surrounding the issuance of narrations related to the application of the principle of prohibition of harm (la darar), certain criteria derived from hadiths can be identified as standards for determining harm in the family sphere. Any transgression of these criteria can lead to fundamental challenges within the family.The necessity of this study lies in the fact that during the processes of family formation, continuation, and dissolution, and in light of the contexts of narrations concerning the la darar principle, certain behaviors may constitute harm within the family. This necessitates a review of existing laws and the enactment of new legislation in this regard. From the perspective of dynamic jurisprudence and the influence of time and place on ijtihad, these issues can be reexamined with a fresh approach.Using a descriptive-analytical method, this study concludes that, based on the contexts of the narrations, a number of strong and logical criteria can be extracted from hadiths and narrations—such as the obligation to preserve the privacy and security of the family, prevention of moral or spiritual harm to family members, maintaining confidentiality within the family environment, avoiding financial deprivation of women or imposing financial burdens on them in exchange for agreeing to divorce, observing financial fairness among heirs, and ensuring the emotional and financial support of parents for children. These criteria can serve as the basis for new legal rulings and help prevent harmful behaviors within the family sphere.

Abstract Socio-economic governance in any society requires models for implementation. The aim of this study is to design a model for entrepreneurship education for women heads of households under the auspices of the Imam Khomeini Relief Committee in Fars Province as a model for socio-economic governance. For this purpose, the grounded theory method was used. The statistical sample included 13 women heads of households who were interviewed using a semi-structured interview method. The research findings show that the paradigmatic model of entrepreneurship education for women heads of households includes 45 open codes in the form of 18 axial codes. The analysis of the findings indicates the existence of five main themes: social factors; cultural factors; family factors; individual-personality factors; and occupational factors. Entrepreneurship education for women heads of households is influenced by experiences and events in the living environment. On the other hand, the desire to progress and obtain a suitable job position is a strong factor that affects the entrepreneur's motivation. Also, an entrepreneur engages in creativity based on experiences, facilities, characteristics, and environmental conditions. In this model, unfavorable economic conditions, teacher-oriented parents, and valuing culture play an important role in fostering entrepreneurial thinking. Apart from this, obstacles including improper interaction with employees and time management also have a detrimental effect on entrepreneurship. In addition, the strategies adopted by the entrepreneur revolve around his personality and individual characteristics such as striving to acquire knowledge and performance based on curiosity, adaptability and tenacity, and having direction and purpose. Ultimately, positive and negative consequences including health and social usefulness, discovering new attitudes towards work, and job-related risks are experienced by the entrepreneur. The findings of this research can be taken into account for governance in the socio-economic field.

Abstract The present study aimed to investigate the relationship between the level of social skills and academic burnout with the mediating role of empathy in junior high school students in Fasa city. The statistical population included all junior high school students in Fasa city who were studying in the academic year 1403-1404, from which 300 students were determined using a multi-stage cluster method using the Morgan table. The research tools included three questionnaires: Matson's Social Skills Assessment (1983), Rijsger et al.'s Academic Burnout Questionnaire (2020), and Davis's Empathy Questionnaire (1983). Data analysis was performed using IMOS software and structural equation modeling method at a confidence level of 95%. Considering that the significance level was less than 0.5 and other factors were constant, the path coefficient of social skills on empathy was 0.71, social skills on academic burnout was -0.29, empathy on academic burnout was -0.28, and social skills through empathy also had an effect on academic burnout of -0.196.The present study aimed to investigate the relationship between the level of social skills and academic burnout with the mediating role of empathy in junior high school students in Fasa city. The statistical population included all junior high school students in Fasa city who were studying in the academic year 1403-1404, from which 300 students were determined using a multi-stage cluster method using the Morgan table. The research tools included three questionnaires: Matson's Social Skills Assessment (1983), Rijsger et al.'s Academic Burnout Questionnaire (2020), and Davis's Empathy Questionnaire (1983). Data analysis was performed using IMOS software and structural equation modeling method at a confidence level of 95%. Considering that the significance level was less than 0.5 and other factors were constant, the path coefficient of social skills on empathy was 0.71, social skills on academic burnout was -0.29, empathy on academic burnout was -0.28, and social skills through empathy also had an effect on academic burnout of -0.196.

Abstract Today, many countries in the world face the cognitive demographic challenges of decreasing birth rates and delaying marriages, which can lead to aging populations and labor shortages. Iran is one of the countries affected by these developments. The aim of this study is to identify and examine effective policies that promote marriage and increase birth rates globally. The findings and analyses obtained can serve as a valuable resource for encouraging marriage among younger generations and increasing birth rates in our country. The collection of this data is a systematic review that includes reputable academic research, government publications, and statistical databases from countries that have succeeded in this global challenge that has addressed the subject over the past decade. Based on the information collected, it can be said that financial concerns such as pay increases, tax deductions for families, and care for children with working parents, as well as social support programs such as generous leave for parents, housing priority for couples, and marriage promotion, were identified with the help of initiatives such as social promotion campaigns and the use of media. The study shows promising policy options for Iran, and adjusting these findings to Iran’s cultural and religious conditions and implementing experimental plans prior to national scaling could help curtail the current trend.

Abstract Considering the significance of marital interactions in Islam, this study aimed to investigate the relationship between early maladaptive schemas, negative automatic thoughts, and domestic violence with marital disenchantment among housewives in Shiraz, based on an Islamic perspective. The research method was descriptive-correlational using a survey approach. The statistical population consisted of all housewives in Shiraz in the year 2022, from which 384 individuals were selected through convenience sampling. Data were collected using the Early Maladaptive Schemas Questionnaire (Young, 2005), the Negative Automatic Thoughts Questionnaire (Hollon & Kendall, 1980), the Domestic Violence Questionnaire (Haj-Yahya, 1999), and the Marital Disenchantment Scale (Pines et al., 2016). Regression analysis results indicated that the three variables explained 22% of the variance in marital disenchantment. Domestic violence (B = 0.32, t = 6.985), early maladaptive schemas (B = 0.25, t = 5.437), and negative automatic thoughts (B = 0.09, t = 2.141) had the highest contributions, respectively. Furthermore, domestic violence mediated the relationship between early maladaptive schemas and negative automatic thoughts with marital disenchantment (p < 0.01). This research indicates that marital disenchantment results from the accumulation of inappropriate cognitive, emotional, and behavioral interactions, and its reduction requires simultaneous attention to both individual factors (such as schemas and negative thoughts) and interpersonal factors (such as violence), within the framework of Islamic principles. Domestic violence plays a dual role in this cycle, acting both as a cause and a consequence of cognitive-emotional interactions, thereby creating a vicious cycle. Emphasizing multilevel interventions from individual therapy to structural changes positions this study as a pioneering work in the field of family mental health.

Abstract Social anxiety, one of the most prevalent psychological disorders among children and adolescents, often has roots deeper than what appears on the surface. The present study aims to explore the link between parenting styles and the intergenerational transmission of social anxiety through a systematic review of studies conducted over the past decade. This study utilized library-based and documentary research methods, with relevant articles retrieved from reputable scientific databases, including PubMed, PsycINFO, Web of Science, and Google Scholar. Quantitative data were analyzed using the Comprehensive Meta-Analysis (CMA) software to provide a precise and coherent picture of the findings. The results revealed that parenting styles play a critical role in either fostering or mitigating social anxiety in children. Authoritarian and punitive parenting styles were associated with increased levels of social anxiety in children, whereas authoritative and responsive parenting styles were linked to a significant reduction in this disorder. Out of 102 articles reviewed, 18 were selected for in-depth analysis, and ultimately, 9 articles met the necessary quality criteria. The findings also indicated that social anxiety is associated with reduced self-esteem, increased anger, aggression, and difficulties in social relationships among children. This study underscores the importance of parental education in adopting healthy parenting practices and suggests that the prevention of social anxiety should begin within the family, where the hidden narrative of anxiety is often perpetuated across generations.

Abstract Resilience plays an important role in coping with career and marital challenges, so strengthening this characteristic can play a significant role in improving the psychological state and job performance of individuals. Therefore, identifying the predictors of resilience seems essential. The aim of this study is to investigate the effect of cognitive flexibility on resilience with the mediating role of marital adjustment in married female nurses. This fundamental study was conducted with a descriptive-analytical approach and a correlation method based on the structural equation model. The statistical population included 400 married female nurses working in health centers and public hospitals in Alborz province, who were selected using a multistage cluster sampling method. The research tools included the Connor and Davidson Resilience Questionnaire, the Dennis and Vander Waal Cognitive Flexibility Questionnaire, and the Locke-Wallace Marital Adjustment Scale. Data were analyzed using SPSS version 26 and AMOS version 24 software. This study was approved by the Ethics Committee of Alborz University of Medical Sciences with the ID IR.ABZUMS.REC.1401.297. Participants participated in the study after providing informed consent and the confidentiality of their data was guaranteed. The results showed that cognitive flexibility (r = 0/762) and marital adjustment (r = 0/796) have a positive and significant relationship with resilience at a confidence level of 0/01. Also, the mediating role of marital adjustment in the relationship between cognitive flexibility and resilience was confirmed. The appropriate fit of the data with the conceptual model of the study was confirmed. The findings showed that in order to improve the resilience of married female nurses, it is necessary to pay attention to cognitive, emotional and affective factors. Accordingly, it is suggested that policymakers and health managers design and implement programs to improve these factors.

Abstract Domestic violence is considered one of the major health issues affecting individuals. Today, preventing this issue and managing cases of domestic violence have become a significant health priority worldwide. The aim of this study is to examine the interventions carried out and global experiences in preventing domestic violence and to evaluate their effectiveness.This study is a qualitative-descriptive review conducted through a systematic search of articles in reputable databases using relevant English and Persian keywords. The interventions related to domestic violence and their effectiveness were analyzed.Some interventions in the field of domestic violence in various countries focus on affected individuals, particularly women and children, and include strategies such as education, gaining support, and psychological counseling and therapy for at-risk individuals. Other interventions target healthcare system staff and support organizations to train and empower them in identifying and managing cases of domestic violence.Empowering healthcare workers for screening, diagnosing, and managing domestic violence cases, as well as educating individuals about the underlying factors contributing to violence, developing communication and coping skills, and choosing appropriate alternative behaviors in violent situations, can be significant steps in preventing or reducing domestic violence. These findings are consistent with many studies conducted in various countries.

Abstract This study examines a ceramic vessel depicting the story of Bijan and Manizheh, dating back to the 6th century AH and originating from the city of Rey. The primary aim of this research is to analyze the representation of Manizheh’s character in this visual artwork and compare it with her portrayal in Ferdowsi’s Shahnameh. The central research question is as follows:How is Manizheh’s role represented in the text of the Shahnameh and in the ceramic images from the Freer Gallery Collection in Washington, and what are the differences in interpretation of this character across these two media?In terms of purpose, the research is applied, and in terms of nature, it follows a descriptive and visual-analytical method. Data collection was conducted through library research, consultation of credible domestic and online sources, and examination of ceramic vessels featuring Bijan and Manizheh found in the Freer Gallery Collection.The findings indicate that the ceramic artist has preserved symbolic elements while generally remaining faithful to the narrative, portraying Manizheh as a loyal, loving, and patient figure. However, her heroic and proactive dimensions, as emphasized in the Shahnameh, are less visible. Ferdowsi depicts Manizheh as a courageous woman with an active role in saving Bijan, symbolizing unwavering love and devotion.Ultimately, while the ceramic artwork retains the epic tone of the story through the inclusion of Rostam’s heroism and other epic elements, it places greater emphasis on the emotional and symbolic aspects of Manizheh’s character. The study reveals differences in the interpretation and representation of Manizheh between text and image, yet both media complement each other in preserving Iran’s cultural heritage and national narratives. One of the key outcomes of this research is highlighting the importance of the unity between visual and literary arts in maintaining and transmitting national stories. It demonstrates the special role of ceramics in promoting and reinterpreting ancient Iranian tales.

Abstract The aim of the present study was to compare happiness, social interest, and emotion dysregulation in female-headed and non-female-headed households. This study employed a causal-comparative design. The statistical population included all female heads of households who referred to the Welfare Organization of Tabriz in 2023. The sample consisted of 100 individuals (50 female heads of households and 50 non-female-headed women) selected through purposive sampling. The participants were assessed using the Oxford Happiness Questionnaire (1989), Alizadeh’s Social Interest Questionnaire (2020), and the Difficulties in Emotion Regulation Scale by Gratz and Roemer (2004). Data were analyzed using multivariate analysis of variance (MANOVA) and independent t-tests. The results showed significant differences between female-headed and non-female-headed women in terms of happiness and its components (life satisfaction, positive affect, health, efficiency, self-esteem) (P < 0.001), social interest and its components (caring for others, responsibility, courage, self-acceptance) (P < 0.001), and emotion dysregulation (P < 0.001). Based on the findings, it can be concluded that female heads of households experience lower levels of happiness and social interest and higher levels of emotion dysregulation compared to non-female-headed women.