Journal of Women Interdisciplinary Researches

Abstract The purpose of the present study was to explore the challenges of single mothers' parenting after divorce. This qualitative study used a descriptive phenomenology method, and the statistical population included divorced mothers with children residing in Shiraz in the year 1403 (2024-2025). A total of 22 participants were purposefully selected, and in-depth semi-structured interviews were conducted until data saturation was reached. Analysis of the participants' experiences led to the identification of 4 main themes and 36 sub-themes. The main themes included economic challenges, relationship crises, lack of parental alignment in upbringing, and lack of social support. The results indicate the necessity of paying attention to post-divorce parenting and increasing the awareness of divorced parents with children through participation in joint parenting workshops. Additionally, increasing support from social institutions and family-related organizations plays a significant role in reducing the economic problems of single mothers and contributes to improving the mental health of this group, thereby reducing the negative impacts of divorce.The purpose of the present study was to explore the challenges of single mothers' parenting after divorce. This qualitative study used a descriptive phenomenology method, and the statistical population included divorced mothers with children residing in Shiraz in the year 1403 (2024-2025). A total of 22 participants were purposefully selected, and in-depth semi-structured interviews were conducted until data saturation was reached. Analysis of the participants' experiences led to the identification of 4 main themes and 36 sub-themes. The main themes included economic challenges, relationship crises, lack of parental alignment in upbringing, and lack of social support. The results indicate the necessity of paying attention to post-divorce parenting and increasing the awareness of divorced parents with children through participation in joint parenting workshops. Additionally, increasing support from social institutions and family-related organizations plays a significant role in reducing the economic problems of single mothers and contributes to improving the mental health of this group, thereby reducing the negative impacts of divorce.

Abstract In Islam, the preservation of family life holds great significance, to the extent that the Sacred Lawgiver has precisely defined the rights and duties of each spouse to ensure the well-being of the family. The legislator, likewise, has enacted various laws to safeguard the stability and continuity of the family, emphasizing the creation of a family-centered society and the strengthening of family foundations based on religious teachings, with the family serving as a focal point in laws and regulations. Accordingly, based on the circumstances surrounding the issuance of narrations related to the application of the principle of prohibition of harm (la darar), certain criteria derived from hadiths can be identified as standards for determining harm in the family sphere. Any transgression of these criteria can lead to fundamental challenges within the family.The necessity of this study lies in the fact that during the processes of family formation, continuation, and dissolution, and in light of the contexts of narrations concerning the la darar principle, certain behaviors may constitute harm within the family. This necessitates a review of existing laws and the enactment of new legislation in this regard. From the perspective of dynamic jurisprudence and the influence of time and place on ijtihad, these issues can be reexamined with a fresh approach.Using a descriptive-analytical method, this study concludes that, based on the contexts of the narrations, a number of strong and logical criteria can be extracted from hadiths and narrations—such as the obligation to preserve the privacy and security of the family, prevention of moral or spiritual harm to family members, maintaining confidentiality within the family environment, avoiding financial deprivation of women or imposing financial burdens on them in exchange for agreeing to divorce, observing financial fairness among heirs, and ensuring the emotional and financial support of parents for children. These criteria can serve as the basis for new legal rulings and help prevent harmful behaviors within the family sphere.

Abstract Socio-economic governance in any society requires models for implementation. The aim of this study is to design a model for entrepreneurship education for women heads of households under the auspices of the Imam Khomeini Relief Committee in Fars Province as a model for socio-economic governance. For this purpose, the grounded theory method was used. The statistical sample included 13 women heads of households who were interviewed using a semi-structured interview method. The research findings show that the paradigmatic model of entrepreneurship education for women heads of households includes 45 open codes in the form of 18 axial codes. The analysis of the findings indicates the existence of five main themes: social factors; cultural factors; family factors; individual-personality factors; and occupational factors. Entrepreneurship education for women heads of households is influenced by experiences and events in the living environment. On the other hand, the desire to progress and obtain a suitable job position is a strong factor that affects the entrepreneur's motivation. Also, an entrepreneur engages in creativity based on experiences, facilities, characteristics, and environmental conditions. In this model, unfavorable economic conditions, teacher-oriented parents, and valuing culture play an important role in fostering entrepreneurial thinking. Apart from this, obstacles including improper interaction with employees and time management also have a detrimental effect on entrepreneurship. In addition, the strategies adopted by the entrepreneur revolve around his personality and individual characteristics such as striving to acquire knowledge and performance based on curiosity, adaptability and tenacity, and having direction and purpose. Ultimately, positive and negative consequences including health and social usefulness, discovering new attitudes towards work, and job-related risks are experienced by the entrepreneur. The findings of this research can be taken into account for governance in the socio-economic field.

Abstract Today, many countries in the world face the cognitive demographic challenges of decreasing birth rates and delaying marriages, which can lead to aging populations and labor shortages. Iran is one of the countries affected by these developments. The aim of this study is to identify and examine effective policies that promote marriage and increase birth rates globally. The findings and analyses obtained can serve as a valuable resource for encouraging marriage among younger generations and increasing birth rates in our country. The collection of this data is a systematic review that includes reputable academic research, government publications, and statistical databases from countries that have succeeded in this global challenge that has addressed the subject over the past decade. Based on the information collected, it can be said that financial concerns such as pay increases, tax deductions for families, and care for children with working parents, as well as social support programs such as generous leave for parents, housing priority for couples, and marriage promotion, were identified with the help of initiatives such as social promotion campaigns and the use of media. The study shows promising policy options for Iran, and adjusting these findings to Iran’s cultural and religious conditions and implementing experimental plans prior to national scaling could help curtail the current trend.

Abstract The transformative trajectory of education in the Fourth Industrial Revolution underscores the crucial role of integrating technology and education. This interdisciplinary domain is characterized by active and problem-based approaches such as game-based learning, blended learning, and project-based learning, which are of particular significance in response to changes brought about by the convergence of advanced technologies. In this context, the development of digital tools and artificial intelligence has created unprecedented opportunities for enhancing personalized and interactive learning. However, the integration of information and communication technology (ICT) in developing countries, including Iran, has faced significant challenges, sparking debates regarding its impact on reducing hands-on experiences and practical engagement in educational settings. Furthermore, teachers' resistance to technological changes, financial constraints, and infrastructural limitations are among the major obstacles to this transformation. Given the increasing importance of digital educational content, this study systematically reviews the effectiveness and implementation of digital learning for girls and women. A systematic approach was employed to collect primary data, identifying 16 relevant studies. The findings indicate that digital learning positively influences girls' and women's engagement, enhances academic performance, and fosters interest in scientific subjects. Additionally, the use of blended learning methods and multimedia tools can strengthen critical thinking. However, the success of such programs requires continuous training, sustained support, and the development of flexible educational policies.

Abstract Social anxiety, one of the most prevalent psychological disorders among children and adolescents, often has roots deeper than what appears on the surface. The present study aims to explore the link between parenting styles and the intergenerational transmission of social anxiety through a systematic review of studies conducted over the past decade. This study utilized library-based and documentary research methods, with relevant articles retrieved from reputable scientific databases, including PubMed, PsycINFO, Web of Science, and Google Scholar. Quantitative data were analyzed using the Comprehensive Meta-Analysis (CMA) software to provide a precise and coherent picture of the findings. The results revealed that parenting styles play a critical role in either fostering or mitigating social anxiety in children. Authoritarian and punitive parenting styles were associated with increased levels of social anxiety in children, whereas authoritative and responsive parenting styles were linked to a significant reduction in this disorder. Out of 102 articles reviewed, 18 were selected for in-depth analysis, and ultimately, 9 articles met the necessary quality criteria. The findings also indicated that social anxiety is associated with reduced self-esteem, increased anger, aggression, and difficulties in social relationships among children. This study underscores the importance of parental education in adopting healthy parenting practices and suggests that the prevention of social anxiety should begin within the family, where the hidden narrative of anxiety is often perpetuated across generations.

Abstract Considering the significance of marital interactions in Islam, this study aimed to investigate the relationship between early maladaptive schemas, negative automatic thoughts, and domestic violence with marital disenchantment among housewives in Shiraz, based on an Islamic perspective. The research method was descriptive-correlational using a survey approach. The statistical population consisted of all housewives in Shiraz in the year 2022, from which 384 individuals were selected through convenience sampling. Data were collected using the Early Maladaptive Schemas Questionnaire (Young, 2005), the Negative Automatic Thoughts Questionnaire (Hollon & Kendall, 1980), the Domestic Violence Questionnaire (Haj-Yahya, 1999), and the Marital Disenchantment Scale (Pines et al., 2016). Regression analysis results indicated that the three variables explained 22% of the variance in marital disenchantment. Domestic violence (B = 0.32, t = 6.985), early maladaptive schemas (B = 0.25, t = 5.437), and negative automatic thoughts (B = 0.09, t = 2.141) had the highest contributions, respectively. Furthermore, domestic violence mediated the relationship between early maladaptive schemas and negative automatic thoughts with marital disenchantment (p < 0.01). This research indicates that marital disenchantment results from the accumulation of inappropriate cognitive, emotional, and behavioral interactions, and its reduction requires simultaneous attention to both individual factors (such as schemas and negative thoughts) and interpersonal factors (such as violence), within the framework of Islamic principles. Domestic violence plays a dual role in this cycle, acting both as a cause and a consequence of cognitive-emotional interactions, thereby creating a vicious cycle. Emphasizing multilevel interventions from individual therapy to structural changes positions this study as a pioneering work in the field of family mental health.

Abstract Resilience plays an important role in coping with career and marital challenges, so strengthening this characteristic can play a significant role in improving the psychological state and job performance of individuals. Therefore, identifying the predictors of resilience seems essential. The aim of this study is to investigate the effect of cognitive flexibility on resilience with the mediating role of marital adjustment in married female nurses. This fundamental study was conducted with a descriptive-analytical approach and a correlation method based on the structural equation model. The statistical population included 400 married female nurses working in health centers and public hospitals in Alborz province, who were selected using a multistage cluster sampling method. The research tools included the Connor and Davidson Resilience Questionnaire, the Dennis and Vander Waal Cognitive Flexibility Questionnaire, and the Locke-Wallace Marital Adjustment Scale. Data were analyzed using SPSS version 26 and AMOS version 24 software. This study was approved by the Ethics Committee of Alborz University of Medical Sciences with the ID IR.ABZUMS.REC.1401.297. Participants participated in the study after providing informed consent and the confidentiality of their data was guaranteed. The results showed that cognitive flexibility (r = 0/762) and marital adjustment (r = 0/796) have a positive and significant relationship with resilience at a confidence level of 0/01. Also, the mediating role of marital adjustment in the relationship between cognitive flexibility and resilience was confirmed. The appropriate fit of the data with the conceptual model of the study was confirmed. The findings showed that in order to improve the resilience of married female nurses, it is necessary to pay attention to cognitive, emotional and affective factors. Accordingly, it is suggested that policymakers and health managers design and implement programs to improve these factors.

Abstract The aim of this study was to investigate the impact of leadership skills training on the social empowerment of female student teachers. This research was conducted using a survey method, and data were collected through a questionnaire consisting of two main sections: the first section assessed leadership skills (including communication skills, problem-solving, time management, and classroom management), while the second section evaluated social empowerment (including self-confidence, social participation, and role in decision-making processes). The statistical population consisted of 100 female student teachers from various universities, selected randomly.The findings indicated that leadership skills training had a positive and significant effect on the social empowerment of female student teachers. Specifically, communication and problem-solving skills were more strongly associated with increases in self-confidence and social participation. Additionally, time management and classroom management skills positively influenced their individual capabilities in decisionmaking and fulfilling social roles.Overall, this study highlights the importance of leadership skills training for female student teachers and recommends the integration of such training into teacher education programs.

Abstract The principle of privacy and sanctity in sustainable housing design has gained increasing attention due to the diverse social and cultural challenges facing contemporary societies. Housing, beyond serving as a physical shelter, plays a crucial role in shaping and reinforcing individual and social identities, particularly for women. In Islamic societies, the concept of privacy is considered a fundamental value in family and social relations, and emphasizing it can enhance quality of life, security, tranquility, and psychological well-being within families. Therefore, addressing privacy in housing design and its impact on individuals' quality of lifeespecially that of women—is deemed a critical necessity in this research. Privacy, as a key element in fostering healthy and balanced communities, strengthens family relationships and reduces social tensions. Accordingly, designing residential spaces that prioritize personal needs while preserving privacy can provide women with secure and peaceful environments, enabling them to effectively fulfill their social roles.This study, conducted using a qualitative, descriptive-analytical approach, through an extensive review of the literature and theoretical data analysis, concludes that adherence to privacy principles in housing design not only improves individuals' quality of life but also promotes social interactions. Creating residential spaces that meet privacy needs can foster social cohesion and reduce social problems. The findings further reveal that attention to zoning, spatial hierarchy, and related architectural strategies significantly contributes to fulfilling privacy requirements within homes.It is noteworthy that this research can serve as a foundation for improving housing design and enhancing quality of life in Islamic societies, ultimately leading to the creation of healthier and more sustainable environments for all individuals, particularly women.

Abstract This study was designed and conducted to investigate the relationship between religious orientation and resilience among students of Fatemieh Higher Education Institute (S) in Shiraz. The research was applied in purpose and descriptive-analytical in terms of data collection method, with data gathered through field research. The statistical population consisted of all students of Fatemieh Higher Education Institute in Shiraz during the 2023-2024 academic year, totaling 1,362 students. Based on Morgan’s table, a sample of 300 students was selected. Standard questionnaires were used as research tools. To measure religious orientation, the Allport and Ross Religious Orientation Questionnaire (1950) was employed, and for resilience, the Connor-Davidson Resilience Scale (2003) was used. Data analysis was performed using SPSS and AMOS version 23 software at both descriptive and inferential statistical levels. Descriptive statistics such as mean, variance, and standard deviation were used to describe the data, while the Pearson correlation test was applied to determine the relationship between variables. The results indicate that religious orientation affects resilience with a correlation coefficient of 0.58.

Abstract Spirituality and religious beliefs are among the most important factors that can protect individuals against various physical and psychological problems. Therefore, considering the significance of this issue, the present study aimed to examine the spiritual and religious factors that influence the reduction of illness anxiety disorder symptoms in Iranian women.This research was qualitative in nature and employed the latent content analysis method. The study population included seven mental health specialists and seven Iranian women, who were selected through purposive sampling and interviewed using a semi-structured format until theoretical saturation was achieved.Analysis of the findings led to the identification of five main categories: having hope and motivation, inner belief and faith in God, adherence to religious principles, serenity and tolerance, and having meaning in life.The results indicate that spiritual and religious components can be effectively utilized to reduce psychological problems such as somatic symptom disorders, particularly illness anxiety disorder, among women.

Abstract Today, many countries in the world face the cognitive demographic challenges of decreasing birth rates and delaying marriages, which can lead to aging populations and labor shortages. Iran is one of the countries affected by these developments. The aim of this study is to identify and examine effective policies that promote marriage and increase birth rates globally. The findings and analyses obtained can serve as a valuable resource for encouraging marriage among younger generations and increasing birth rates in our country. The collection of this data is a systematic review that includes reputable academic research, government publications, and statistical databases from countries that have succeeded in this global challenge that has addressed the subject over the past decade. Based on the information collected, it can be said that financial concerns such as pay increases, tax deductions for families, and care for children with working parents, as well as social support programs such as generous leave for parents, housing priority for couples, and marriage promotion, were identified with the help of initiatives such as social promotion campaigns and the use of media. The study shows promising policy options for Iran, and adjusting these findings to Iran’s cultural and religious conditions and implementing experimental plans prior to national scaling could help curtail the current trend.

Abstract The role of women in preventing the spread of deviant social behaviors is regarded as one of the fundamental components in promoting the cultural and moral well-being of society. The present study, conducted with the aim of examining the theoretical, historical, and practical dimensions of this role from the perspective of religious teachings, employed a qualitative, review–analytical method to analyze Islamic sources, previous studies, and propose practical strategies. At the outset, the concept of social deviance and the factors contributing to its emergence were clarified from the viewpoints of sociology, psychology, and religious studies. Subsequently, through the examination of religious foundations and concepts—such as the role of women in nurturing future generations, their social functions, and their position in Islam—the capacities of women in the prevention of social harms were analyzed. The review of domestic and international studies revealed that strengthening religious beliefs, family support, and the active social participation of women have a significant impact in reducing deviant behaviors such as violence, addiction, family disintegration, and youth identity crises. Furthermore, by investigating exemplary figures from Islamic history such as Lady Fatimah, Lady Zaynab, and contemporary intellectual women, the effective agency of women in managing moral and social crises was underscored. In the final section, strategies were proposed on three levels—educational, cultural, and institutional—that may strengthen the role of women in curbing social deviance. The findings conclude that women, in the religious framework, are not only the cornerstone of family stability but also active agents of social transformation. Therefore, the purposeful utilization of women’s intellectual, moral, and educational capacities offers an effective pathway in preventing the spread of social harms in society.

Abstract Social anxiety, one of the most prevalent psychological disorders among children and adolescents, often has roots deeper than what appears on the surface. The present study aims to explore the link between parenting styles and the intergenerational transmission of social anxiety through a systematic review of studies conducted over the past decade. This study utilized library-based and documentary research methods, with relevant articles retrieved from reputable scientific databases, including PubMed, PsycINFO, Web of Science, and Google Scholar. Quantitative data were analyzed using the Comprehensive Meta-Analysis (CMA) software to provide a precise and coherent picture of the findings. The results revealed that parenting styles play a critical role in either fostering or mitigating social anxiety in children. Authoritarian and punitive parenting styles were associated with increased levels of social anxiety in children, whereas authoritative and responsive parenting styles were linked to a significant reduction in this disorder. Out of 102 articles reviewed, 18 were selected for in-depth analysis, and ultimately, 9 articles met the necessary quality criteria. The findings also indicated that social anxiety is associated with reduced self-esteem, increased anger, aggression, and difficulties in social relationships among children. This study underscores the importance of parental education in adopting healthy parenting practices and suggests that the prevention of social anxiety should begin within the family, where the hidden narrative of anxiety is often perpetuated across generations.